A review of modern approaches using chironomids as indicators of paleoclimatic change is given. Problems of reconstructing the temperatures characteristic of the Holocene and the time after the Little Ice Age are discussed.Based on the analysis of the chironomid fauna from Lake Mitrofanovskoe (the Northern Ural, Russia), a reconstruction of temperature changes for the last 200 years was performed using the Norwegian chironomid training set and the Norwegian model supplemented by the authors' data on the modern chironomid fauna from 24 lakes, of the Northern Ural.