The book contains methodical overview of the main groups of biological indicators used in palaeoecology: pollen, diatoms, chironomids larvae, cladocera, ostracods, sponges, some other less widely used groups of invertebrates and a review on application of pedohumic method for palaeoecological reconstructions. Articles contain information on systematics, morphology, biology of the selected proxy groups and the modern approaches to palaeoclimatic reconstructions. Applicability of the biological indicators is illustrated by case studies from different regions: steppe Altay and Altay mountains, central and northern Yakutia, Northern Ural, west Siberia, lake Baikal, Tien Shan mountains, Middle Volga, etc. The book can be interesting for specialists in palaeoecology and students. The publication of this book is supported by Federal Target Program, years 2009-2013, “Scientific and pedagogical personnel of innovative Russia”, within the Lot “Performing scientific investigations under the leadership of the invited specialists in the field of earth sciences, ecology and rational landuse” (code «2009-1.5-505-006»)