PUBLICATION CORE CODE CORE NAME LOCATION LATITUDE (ˇ) LONGITUDE (ˇ) SITE TYPE SITE CODE ELEVATION (m) DATA TYPE DATA TYPE CODE ANALYTICAL METHOD CORING DEVICE SAMPLE TYPE SAMPLES TREATMENT SAMPLE INTERVAL (cm) # SAMPLES CORE LENGTH (cm) MEAN RATIO #SAMPLES/CORE LENGTH (#/cm) DATINGS DURING MID-HOLOCENE? (uncal) "IF YES, # DATINGS" "IF NO, BRACKETING AGES (14C yr BP)" OTHER DATING INFORMATION INFORMATION ABOUT MID-HOLOCENE? PERIOD OF CHANGES (yr BP) CALIBRATED YEARS? CHANGES DESCRIPTION CHANGES EVIDENCES CA R D QUALITY LEVEL Ledru (1993) 0001 LC3 Salitre de Minas -19.00 -46.77 Terrestrial TR 1050 Biological BI ------ ORSTOM Sediment L†TC_50_10 2 or 4 50 to 100 200 0.375 YES 2 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) 8,000 to 5,560" NO (1) Wet to dry transition. (1) Araucaria forest replaced by mesophitic semideciduous forest. 0 0.4 2 0.80 Behling (1997a) 0002 Morro de Itapeva Morro de Itapeva -22.78 -45.53 Terrestrial TR 1850 Biological BI ------ Modified Livingstone piston sampler Sediment Faegri & Iversen (1989) 1.25 or 2.5 or 5 28 to 113 142 0.496 YES 1 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) ca. 8,000 to 5,000" NO (1) Drier and colder climate. "(1) Almost treeless region, covered by high-elevation grassland." 0 0.5 1 0.50 Behling (2001) 0003 Lagoa da CuruŤa Lagoa da CuruŤa -0.77 -47.85 Lake LK 35 Biological BI ------ Modified Livingstone piston sampler Sediment Faegri & Iversen (1989) 5 25 128 0.195 NO ------ "2,740" "9,340" ------ YES "(1) 7,250 to 5,600" YES (1) Higher water level. (1) Maximum of Rhizophora pollen suggests an Atlantic sea-level rise. 1 0.2 0 0.40 Behling et al. (2001a) 0004 Fazenda do Pinto S‹o Francisco de Paula -29.24 -50.57 Terrestrial TR 900 Biological BI ------ Russian corer Sediment Faegri & Iversen (1989) 4 21 84 0.250 YES 2 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) 7,500 to 4,000" NO (1) Drier climate. (1) Poor conservation of pollen and spores (30-40% less precipitation). 0 0.3 2 0.77 Garcia et al. (2004) 0005 Jacare’ peat Jacare’ peat -23.28 -45.97 Terrestrial TR 550 Biological BI ------ 4-cm piston corer (Geological Survey of Finland) Sediment Faegri & Iversen (1989) 2 or 3 21 to 32 643 0.041 NO ------ "4,130" "8,100" ------ YES "(1) 8,240 to 5,400" NO (1) Drier climate. "(1) Progressive increase of Poaceae and Lycopodium, increase in herb pollen." 0 0.1 0 0.03 Behling (2003) 0006 Lagoa Nova Lagoa Nova -17.97 -42.20 Lake LK 390 Biological BI ------ Modified Livingstone piston sampler Sediment Faegri & Iversen (1989) 2 74 1500 0.049 YES 1 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) 6,060 to 2,180" YES (1) Drier climate. "(1) Higher frequency of fire, expansion of Cerrado and a reduced area of gallery forest. " 1 0.1 1 0.70 Behling & Negrelle (2001) 0007 Volta Velha Volta Velha -26.07 -48.63 Terrestrial TR ~5 Biological BI ------ Russian corer Sediment Faegri & Iversen (1989) 5 or 10 or 20 58 580 0.100 YES 1 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) 6,720 to 4,330" NO (1) Dry to wet transition. "(1) High frequency of Myrsine, Arecaceae, Weinmannia, Hedyosmum, Sloanea and Clusia; after the marine regression of the Mid-Holocene, open areas became forested." 0 0.1 1 0.37 Behling & Costa (2001) 0008 Lago Crispim Lago Crispim -0.59 -47.65 Lake LK 1-2 Biological/ Physico-chemical BI/PC ------ Modified Livingstone piston sampler Sediment Faegri & Iversen (1989) 1 60 600 0.100 YES 1 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) 7,000 to 6,620" YES (1) Water-level regression. (1) Formation of a local swamp by water level regression (the lake formed recently). 1 0.1 1 0.70 Behling et al. (2005) 0009 Itajuru farm S‹o Francisco de Assis -29.59 -55.22 Terrestrial TR 100 Biological BI ------ Russian corer Sediment Faegri & Iversen (1989) 4 or 8 47.5 to 95.0 380 0.188 NO ------ "3,231" "10,462" ------ YES "(1) 10,490 to 4,620" YES (1) Drier climate. "(1) Forest taxa percentage near to zero, and higher carbonized particles amount (including anthropogenic influence)." 1 0.2 0 0.40 Ledru et al. (2001) 0010 MA-97-1 Lagoa do CaŤ— -2.96 -43.42 Lake LK 120 Isotopic fractionation /Biological IF/BI ------ Vibracorer Sediment Faegri & Iversen (1989) 2 176 350 0.503 YES 3 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) 8,500 to present" NO (1) Similar to present. (1) Similar to present arboreal pollen amount. 0 0.5 3 1.17 Behling et al. (2007) 0011 SDB2 Serra da Bocaina -22.71 -44.57 Terrestrial TR 1650 Biological BI ------ Russian corer Sediment Faegri & Iversen (1989) 1 35 350 0.100 YES 1 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) 7,260 to 4,594" YES (1) Drier climate. "(1) Early and Mid-Holocene drier and warmer, with annual dry season longer than present day, with forest advance under very wet Late Holocene climate conditions." 1 0.1 1 0.70 De Toledo & Bush (2007) 0012 Lake Marcio Lake Marcio -0.13 -51.08 Lake LK < 10 Biological BI ------ Colinvaux-Vohnout piston corer (Colinvaux et al. 1999) Sediment Faegri & Iversen (1989) ~16 29 470 0.062 YES 4 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) 6,910 to 4,750" YES (1) Lower water level. "(1) Reduced discharge from the Amazon River, due to a dry period in the Andes." 1 0.1 4 1.70 De Toledo & Bush (2007) 0013 Lake Tapera Lake Tapera -0.13 -51.08 Lake LK < 10 Biological BI ------ Colinvaux-Vohnout piston corer (Colinvaux et al. 1999) Sediment Faegri & Iversen (1989) ~5 39 200 0.195 YES 3 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) 7,610 to 1,620" YES (1) Lower water level. "(1) Reduced discharge from the Amazon River, due to a dry period in the Andes." 1 0.2 3 1.40 Enters et al. (2010) 0014 Lago Aleixo Lago Aleixo -17.99 -42.12 Lake LK 390 Isotopic fractionation/ Physico-chemical/ Biological IF/PC/BI ------ Modified Livingstone piston sampler Sediment Pollen: Faegri & Iversen (1993) 18 77 1400 0.055 YES 2 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) after 7,000" YES (1) Drier climate. (1) Open savannah vegetation (campo cerrado) with local gallery forests at the bottom of the core. 1 0.1 2 1.03 Rezende (2010) 0015 FZL4 Fazenda Lake -23.51 -52.45 Lake LK 320 Biological BI ------ Livingstone piston corer Sediment Volkmer-Ribeiro (1985) ~3 ~30 100 0.300 YES 1 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) 7,000 to 5,000" YES (1) Drier climate. "(1) Smaller amount of spores, algae, pollen and spicules." 1 0.3 1 0.77 De Oliveira et al. (1999) 0016 Saquinho Saquinho -10.40 -43.22 River RV 480 Biological/ Physico-chemical BI/PC ------ "Livingstone piston sampler (Colinvaux, 1993)" Sediment Moore et al. (1991) and Faegri & Iversen (1989) 1 33 329 0.100 YES 1 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) 6,790-6,230; (3) ca. 6,230-4,240" NO (1) Drier climate; (2) Wetter climate. "(1) Climax of arid conditions (ENSO?, ITCZ displacement?), absence of preserved pollen grains; (2) Return of mosaic vegetation composed of gallery forest, cerrado and caatinga taxa." 0 0.1 1 0.37 Behling (1997b) 0017 Serra Campos Gerais Serra Campos Gerais -24.40 -50.13 Terrestrial TR 1200 Biological BI ------ Russian corer Sediment Faegri & Iversen (1989) 5 37 185 0.200 NO ------ "2,770" "9,270" ------ YES "(1) 9,660 to 2,850" NO (1) Warmer and drier climate. (1) Predominance of campos vegetation. 0 0.2 0 0.07 Ledru et al. (2009) 0018 CO-3 Col™nia -23.87 -46.71 Terrestrial TR 900 Biological BI ------ "Martin vibra corer (Martin et al., 1995; Ledru et al., 2005)" Sediment Faegri & Iversen (1989) 2 390 780 0.500 NO ------ "3,955" "10,400" ------ YES "(1) 6,000-4,000" NO (1) Drier climate. (1) Forest regression: reduction in tree cover and low mean Shannon-Wiener index (biodiversity). 0 0.5 0 0.17 Behling (1995a) 0019 Lago do Pires Lago do Pires -17.95 -42.22 Lake LK 390 Biological BI ------ Livingstone piston sampler Sediment Faegri & Iversen (1989) ~2 77 1600 0.048 NO ------ "4,460" "7,500" ------ YES "(1) 7,500-5,530" NO (1) Drier climate. "(1) Reduction of gallery forests, fires more frequent." 0 0.1 0 0.03 Bauermann et al. (2003) 0020 çguas Claras çguas Claras -30.10 -50.85 Terrestrial TR 52 Biological BI ------ Russian corer Sediment Quaternary pattern ~10 27 275 0.098 NO ------ "3,879" "10,974" ------ YES "(1) 6,700 to 3,420" NO (1) Drier climate. "(1) Warmer and wetter tha the previous period, but present is wetter, by forest taxa dominance." 0 0.1 0 0.03 Behling (1995b) 0021 Serra da Boa Vista Serra da Boa Vista -27.70 -49.15 Terrestrial TR 1160 Biological BI ------ No information. Sediment Beug (1957) ~4 37 140 0.264 YES 1 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) ca. 6,930" NO (1) Warmer and drier climate. (1) Expansion of the Atlantic pluvial forest (Weinmannia paulliniifolia) and higher value of Laplacea fruticosa. 0 0.3 1 0.43 Behling (1995b) 0022 Morro da Igreja Morro da Igreja -28.18 -49.87 Terrestrial TR 1800 Biological BI ------ No information. Sediment Beug (1957) ~6 23 144 0.160 NO ------ 60 "10,200" ------ YES "(1) 10,000 to ca. 2,900" NO (1) Warmer and drier climate. (1) No enough information. 0 0.2 0 0.07 Behling (1995b) 0023 Serra do Rio Rastro Serra do Rio Rastro -28.38 -49.55 Terrestrial TR 1420 Biological BI ------ No information. Sediment Beug (1957) ~7 31 223 0.139 YES 1 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) ca. 6,410" NO (1) Warmer and drier climate. "(1) No Araucaria, decrease of Myrtaceae, increase of Alchornea, Urticalis and Celtis, great presence of Campos vegetation." 0 0.2 1 0.40 Behling et al. (2004) 0024 Cambar‡ do Sul Cambar‡ do Sul -28.95 -49.90 Terrestrial TR 1040 Biological BI ------ Russian corer Sediment Faegri & Iversen (1989) 1 190 212 0.896 NO ------ "3,523" "9,967" ------ YES "(1) after ca. 7,156" YES (1) Warmer and drier climate. (1) Campos vegetation coupled with the rare occurrence of Araucaria forest taxa. Present dominant taxa: Araucaria forest. 1 0.9 0 0.63 Behling (2007) 0025 Serra do AraŤatuba Serra do AraŤatuba -25.92 -48.98 Terrestrial TR 1500 Biological BI ------ Russian corer Sediment Faegri & Iversen (1989) 5 25 120 0.208 NO ------ "1,175" "8,585" ------ YES "(1) after 8,585" NO (1) Drier climate. (1) High frequency of Eryngium and low proportions of Araucaria and Atlantic rain forest. 0 0.3 0 0.10 Oliveira et al. (2008a) 0026 Cerro do Touro Cerro do Touro -26.25 -49.25 Terrestrial TR 1010 Isotopic fractionation/ Physico-chemical/ Biological IF/PC/BI ------ NA Sediment Standard methods: HF (78%) and acetolysis 1 16 150 0.101 YES 1 ------ ------ "Optical age: 6,625 ± 750" YES "(1) ca. 6,000" Optical dating. (1) Warmer and drier climate. (1) Predominance of grassland vegetation; soil-erosion and aggradation. 0 0.2 1 0.40 Behling & Safford (2010) 0027 Pedra do Sino Serra do îrg‹os -22.46 -43.03 Terrestrial TR 2263 Biological BI ------ Russian corer Sediment Faegri & Iversen (1989) 2 or 4 80 218 0.367 YES 2 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) 7,850 to 5,640" YES (1) Drier climate. "(1) Great amount of Poaceae pollen suggests that campos de altitude expanded markedly, and taxa associated with the montane arboreal rain forest decreased." 1 0.4 2 1.13 Behling & Costa (1997) 0028 Lago do Aquiri Lago do Aquiri -3.17 -44.98 Lake LK 10 Biological/ Physico-chemical BI/PC ------ Livingstone piston sampler Sediment Beug (1957) ~20 27 567 0.035 YES 2 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) ca. 6,700" NO (1) Lower water level. (1) Interruption of the sedimentation. 0 0.1 2 0.70 Behling et al. (2001b) 0029 LC-B1 Lago Calado -3.27 -60.58 Lake LK 23 Biological/ Physico-chemical BI/PC ------ Vibracorer Sediment Faegri & Iversen (1989) 5 to 20 90 1190 0.038 YES 3 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) 7,000; (2) after 5,970" YES "(1), (2) Lower water level." (1) The deposition surface was about 19 m below the modern mean water level; (2) Shallow lake conditions. (Mean water level about 13 m below the modern). 1 0.1 3 1.37 Behling & Costa (2000) 0030 Rio Curu‡ Caxiuan‹ -1.74 -51.46 River RV 46 Biological/ Physico-chemical BI/PC ------ Modified Livingstone piston sampler Sediment Mineral: classic wet-chemical technique; Pollen: Faegri & Iversen (1989) 20 43 850 0.050 YES 2 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) from ca. 7,000" YES (1) Lower water level. "(1) Water level increased towards modern levels (decrease of aquatic taxa), from ca. 11m below modern level at 7,000." 1 0.1 2 1.03 Absy et al. (1991) 0031 CSS2 Serra Sul de Caraj‡s -6.33 -50.42 Lake LK 630 Biological BI ------ "Vibracorer (Martin & Flexor, 1989)" Sediment NA ~13 50 650 0.077 YES 1 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) 7,500 to 3,000" NO (1) Drier climate. "(1) Maximum of savanna around 6,000 yr BR, presence of charcoal fragments." 0 0.1 1 0.37 Colinvaux et al. (1996) 0032 Lake Pata Lake Pata 0.27 -66.68 Lake LK 314 Biological BI ------ Piston corer Sediment NA ~4 41 160 0.250 YES 1 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) ca. 6,000" NO (1) Drier climate. "(1) Decrease in arboreal taxa, increase in herbs taxa." 0 0.3 1 0.43 Ledru et al. (2002) 0033 MA-97-1 Lagoa do CaŤ— -2.96 -43.42 Lake LK 120 Biological BI ------ Vibracorer Sediment Faegri & Iversen (1989) 2 173 345 0.501 YES 2 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) ca. 7,000 to 5,000" YES (1) Similar to present. (1) Arboreal and Poaceae pollen similar to present. 1 0.6 2 1.20 Ledru et al. (2006) 0034 MA-97-1 Lagoa do CaŤ— -2.96 -43.42 Lake LK 120 Isotopic fractionation /Biological IF/BI ------ Vibracorer Sediment Faegri & Iversen (1989) 2 173 345 0.501 YES 2 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) 8,500 to present" YES (1) Similar to present. (1) Arboreal and Poaceae pollen similar to present. 1 0.6 2 1.20 Barberi et al. (2000) 0035 VAE2 çguas Emendadas -15.57 -47.58 Terrestrial TR 1103 Biological BI ------ "Vibro-corer (Martin et al., 1995)" Sediment "Salgado-Labouriau et al. (1977); Barberi, 1994" ~13 20 254 0.079 YES 1 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) ca. 7,000 to 5,600" NO (1) Drier climate. (1) Lesser concentration and diversity of palynomorphs than the next period. 0 0.1 1 0.37 Behling (2002b) 0036 Lagoa da Confus‹o Lagoa da Confus‹o -10.63 -49.72 Lake LK 180 Biological BI ------ Modified Livingstone piston sampler Sediment Faegri & Iversen (1989) 2 27 68 0.397 YES 1 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) 7,000 to 5,460" NO (1) Drier climate. "(1) Forest cover increased markedly from 5,460 (expansion of Amazon forest populations), marking the wettest period since mid Holocene times." 0 0.4 1 0.47 Parizzi et al. (1998) 0037 LS-1 Lagoa Santa -19.63 -43.90 Lake LK 740 Biological BI ------ "Vibrocoring sampler (Martin & Flexor, 1989)" Sediment Salgado-Labouriau et al. (1977); Parizzi (1993) 10 18 257 0.070 YES 1 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) ca. 6,100 to 5,400" NO (1) Drier climate; lower water level. (1) Great presence of spores of Lycopodium and algae (the lake did not exist yet). 0 0.1 1 0.37 Bush et al. (2000) 0038 GER Lake Geral -1.80 -53.53 Lake LK 20 Biological/ Physico-chemical BI/PC ------ NA Sediment Patrick & Reimer (1966); Faegri & Iversen (1989) 15 ~38 570 0.067 YES 1 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) 6,100 to 5,800" NO (1) Lower water level. (1) Deposition of an olive-green gyttja (the lake of the level increased until modern values). 0 0.1 1 0.37 Bush et al. (2000) 0039 COM Lake Comprida -1.86 -53.98 Lake LK 30 Biological/ Physico-chemical BI/PC ------ NA Sediment Patrick & Reimer (1966); Faegri & Iversen (1989) ~22 ~32 715 0.045 YES 1 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) 6,100 to 5,800" YES (1) Lower water level. (1) Deposition of an olive-green gyttja (the lake of the level increased until modern values). 1 0.1 1 0.70 Vilanova et al. (2006b) 0040 Profile 1 Arroyo Las Brusquitas -38.23 -57.77 River RV ~4 Biological BI ------ NA Sediment Gray (1965); Faegri & Iversen (1989) 2 or 5 or 10 85 400 0.213 YES 3 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) 6,998 to 6,279; (2) ca. 6,279 to ca. 4,400" YES (1) Higher SSS. "(1) Predominance of saline conditions and influence of tides, dry to wet transition. Samples dominated by Typha, Ruppia, Chenopodiaceae, Cyperaceae, and polyhalobous and mesohalobous diatoms; consequence of the sea-level highstand." 1 0.3 3 1.43 Mayle et al. (2000) 0041 Noel Kempff National Park Laguna Bella Vista -13.62 -61.55 Lake LK ~160 Biological BI ------ Livingstone piston corer and Perspex plastic tube Sediment Faegri & Iversen (1989) ~1 ~100 300 0.333 NO ------ "3,220" "7,980" ------ YES "(1) Before 2,790" YES (1) Drier climate; lower water level. "(1) Peaks in pollen of Poaceae, Curatella americana, Mauritua/Mauritiella and Isšetes." 1 0.4 0 0.47 Mayle et al. (2000) 0042 Noel Kempff National Park Laguna Chaplin -14.47 -61.07 Lake LK 168 Biological BI ------ Livingstone piston corer Sediment Faegri & Iversen (1989) ~1 ~100 ~300 0.333 YES 1 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) ~40,000 to 2,240" YES (1) Drier climate. "(1) High grass pollen percentages, and peaks in C. americana and charcoal" 1 0.4 1 0.80 Ledru et al. (2005) 0043 CO-3 Col™nia -23.87 -46.71 Terrestrial TR 900 Biological BI ------ "Martin vibra corer (Martin et al., 1995; Ledru et al., 2005)" Sediment Faegri & Iversen (1989) 2 390 780 0.500 NO ------ "3,955" "10,400" ------ YES "(1) from ca. 8,000" YES (1) Dry to wet transition. (1) Arboreal pollen values increasing (forest expansion). 1 0.5 0 0.50 Moro et al. (2004) 0044 Lagoa Dourada Lagoa Dourada -25.24 -50.04 Lake LK 817 Isotopic fractionation/ Physico-chemical/ Biological IF/PC/BI ------ Livingstone type sampler Sediment Bengtsson and Enell (1986); Battarbee (1986) 10 69 1200 0.058 NO ------ ------ "8,710" ------ YES "(1) No age information (depth only: 680-660 cm) (results related to Stevaux (1994,1997), Behling (1995), Ledru et al. (1996), Ledru et al. (1998)" NO (1) Lower water level. (1) Only one taxon dominant (S. pinnata) related to specific physical-chemical conditions that would make pond colonization difficult for other species. 0 0.1 0 0.03 Salgado-Labouriau et al. (1997) 0045 CR1 Crom’nia -17.28 -49.42 Terrestrial TR 718 Biological BI ------ "Vibrocoring sampler (Martin & Flexor, 1989)" Sediment Faegri & Iversen (1989); Salgado-Labouriau et al. (1977) and Ferraz-Vicentini (1993) 5 56 281 0.199 YES 1 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) 6,500-5,000" NO (1) Drier climate. "(1) The marsh was desiccated periodically, suggesting a long dry season of perhaps 7 months (present = 4-5 months); the core site probably dried out several times." 0 0.2 1 0.40 Iriarte (2006) 0046 Los Ajos India Muerta -33.70 -53.95 Wetlands WT 15 Biological BI ------ Wildco hand corer Sediment Faegri & Iversen (1975) 5 23 170 0.200 YES 1 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) 6,620 to 4,020" YES (1) Drier climate. (1) Expansion of halophytic communities; distinct change to lighter peat from black to very dark brown. 1 0.2 1 0.73 Prieto et al. (2004) 0047 Puente de la Tropa Luj‡n River -34.58 -59.14 River RV 20 Biological/ Physico-chemical BI/PC ------ NA Sediment Faegri & Iversen (1989) 5 ~50 ~260 0.192 YES 1 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) after 7,000" YES (1) Drier climate. (1) Marl formation and disappearance of shallow lake gastropod species. 1 0.2 1 0.73 Prieto et al. (2004) 0048 Paso de Corro Luj‡n River -34.55 -59.12 River RV 20 Biological/ Physico-chemical BI/PC ------ NA Sediment Faegri & Iversen (1989) 5 ~45 ~230 0.196 NO ------ ------ "10,040" Dates and results related to Puente de la Tropa core (Prieto et al. 2004). YES "(1) after 7,000" YES (1) Drier climate. (1) Marl formation and disappearance of shallow lake gastropod species. 1 0.2 0 0.40 Leal & Lorscheitter (2007) 0049 Serra Velha Serra Geral -29.60 -51.65 Terrestrial TR ~78 Biological BI ------ Hiller Sampler Sediment Faegri & Iversen (1989) ~10 40 512 0.078 NO ------ "3,730" "7,280" ------ YES "(1) 7,000 to 5,000" NO (1) Drier and warmer climate. "(1) Retraction of herbaceous plant marsh and forest vegetation, and expansion of a dry grassland environment species." 0 0.1 0 0.03 Prieto (1996) 0050 Arroyo Sauce Chico Arroyo Sauce Chico -38.08 -62.26 River RV ~260 Biological BI ------ NA Sediment Gray (1965) ~9 38 340 0.112 YES 1 ------ ------ Radiocarbon ages correlated with other cores (see paper for more information). YES "(1) 7,000 to 5,000" NO (1) Similar to present/wet. (1) Development of hydrophytic communities. 0 0.2 1 0.40 Prieto (1996) 0051 Empalme Querandies Empalme Querandies -37.00 -61.11 Terrestrial TR ~157 Biological BI ------ NA Sediment Gray (1965) ~9 33 300 0.110 NO ------ "1,950" "7,560" Radiocarbon ages correlated with other cores (see paper for more information). YES "(1) after 7,000" NO (1) Similar to present/wet. (1) Hydrophytic communities replaced by grassland. 0 0.2 0 0.07 Smith et al. (2011) 0052 LA-D Lake Arari -0.60 -49.14 Lake LK 0 Biological BI ------ Russian corer Sediment Faegri & Iversen (1989) 2.5 33 80 0.413 YES 2 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1); (2) 7,328-7,168 to 2,306-2,234" YES (1) Drier climate. (1) Relatively low freshwater discharge. 1 0.5 2 1.17 Irion et al. (2006) 0053 TAP02 Lago Tapaj—s -2.79 -55.08 Lake LK 15 Biological/ Physico-chemical BI/PC ------ Barge-mounted drill-rig Sediment Faegri & Iversen (1989) ~100 18 (pollen); 43 (mineral) 4200 0.004 NO ------ "4,350" "9,600" ------ YES "(1) 8,200 to 5,600" YES (1) Dry to wet transition. "(1) Decline in Cecropia pollen abundance from ca. 40 to 15%; pollen and d13C data show a disturbed system, but still forested." 1 0.01 0 0.34 Bush et al. (2007b) 0054 Lake Santa Maria Lake Santa Maria -1.58 -53.60 Lake LK 17 Biological BI ------ Colinvaux-Vohnout piston corer (Colinvaux et al. 1999) Sediment Stockmarr (1971); Faegri & Iversen (1989) NA ~30 NA NA YES 3 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) 6,200 to 4,500" YES (1) Drier climate. "(1) Oscillation in the aquatic and Poaceae pollen, and spike of charcoal; increase in human activity." 1 0 3 1.33 Bush et al. (2007b) 0055 Lake Saracuri Lake Saracuri -1.68 -53.57 Lake LK 18 Biological BI ------ Colinvaux-Vohnout piston corer (Colinvaux et al. 1999) Sediment Stockmarr (1971); Faegri & Iversen (1989) NA ~39 NA NA YES 1 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) 6,200 to 4,500" YES (1) Drier climate. (1) Slight increase in charcoal abundance and increase in Poaceae; increase in human activity. 1 0 1 0.67 Bush et al. (2007b) 0056 Lake Geral Lake Geral -1.65 -53.59 Lake LK 130 Biological BI ------ Colinvaux-Vohnout piston corer (Colinvaux et al. 1999) Sediment Stockmarr (1971); Faegri & Iversen (1989) NA ~37 NA NA YES 1 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) 6,200 to 4,500" YES (1) Drier climate. (1) Increase in charcoal and Cecropia;increase in human activity. 1 0 1 0.67 Hassan et al. (2009) 0057 Puente Taraborelli QuequŽn Grande river -38.50 -58.75 River RV 0 Biological/ Physico-chemical BI/PC ------ NA Sediment Juggins (1992) ~5 32 ~180 0.178 YES 1 ------ ------ ------ YES (1) ca. 6500 to 4800 YES (1) Higher SSS. (1) Presence of the estuarine diatoms P. sulcata and C. adhaerens; maximum salinity values (~13ä). 1 0.2 1 0.73 Toledo et al. (2007) 0058 SAN-76 South Atlantic Ocean -24.43 -42.28 Marine MR -1682 Isotopic fractionation /Biological IF/BI "d18O, residual method" Piston corer Sediment ------ 5 to 10 36 419 0.086 NO ------ "3,010" "13,450" Based on SPECMAP (Martinson et al. (1987); reservoir correction of 400 years. YES "(1) 7,000 to 5,000; (2) 7,000 to 5,000" YES (1) Lower SST; (2) Higher SSS. "(1) SST ~27.3ˇC; (2) SSS ~ 38.3 (decrease since 8,000, when SSS was ~ 39.3)." 1 0.1 0 0.37 Toledo et al. (2007) 0059 CMU-14 South Atlantic Ocean -14.40 -38.82 Marine MR -965 Isotopic fractionation /Biological IF/BI "d18O, residual method" Piston corer Sediment ------ 5 to 10 17 456 0.037 NO ------ "3,370" "24,00" Based on SPECMAP (Martinson et al. (1987) YES "(1) 7,000 to 5,000; (2) 7,000 to 5,000" YES (1) Similar to present SST; (2) Lower SSS. "(1) SST ~27.3ˇC (varied only ~1ˇC since LGM); (2) SSS ~ 37.3 (decrease since 8,000, when SSS was ~ 37.6)." 1 0.1 0 0.37 Toledo et al. (2007) 0060 ESP-08 South Atlantic Ocean -20.95 -39.53 Marine MR -1995 Isotopic fractionation /Biological IF/BI "d18O, residual method" Piston corer Sediment ------ 5 to 10 16 397 0.040 NO ------ "4,010" "17,850" Based on SPECMAP (Martinson et al. (1987) YES "(1) 7,000 to 5,000; (2) 7,000 to 5,000" YES (1) Lower SST; (2) Higher SSS. "(1) SST ~27.4ˇC (varied only ~1ˇC since LGM); (2) SSS ~ 37.8 (increase since 8,000, when SSS was ~ 37.5)." 1 0.1 0 0.37 Arz et al. (1998) 0061 GeoB3104-1 South Atlantic Ocean -3.67 -37.72 Marine MR -767 Isotopic fractionation IF d18O Gravity corer Sediment ------ 2.5 210 523 0.402 YES 1 ------ ------ Reservoir correction of 400 years. YES "(1) 7,000 to 5,000" YES (1) Higher SST. (1) More negative values of d18O. Mean d18O values: G. ruber (pink) = -1.442ä vs. PDB; G. sacculifer = -1.3325ä vs. PDB. 1 0.5 1 0.83 Arz et al. (1998) 0062 GeoB3912-1 South Atlantic Ocean -3.67 -37.72 Marine MR -767 Isotopic fractionation/ Physico-chemical IF/PC d18O; Ti; Fe; Ca; Sr Gravity corer Sediment ------ 2.5 270 674 0.401 NO ------ ------ ------ Age/depth relation inferred from linearly interpolated 14C ages from GeoB 3104-1 core. YES "(1) 7,000 to 5,000" YES (1) Drier climate. "(1) More negative values of d18O. Mean d18O values: G. ruber (pink) = -1.442ä vs. PDB; G. sacculifer = -1.3325ä vs. PDB; low values of Ti and Fe. XRF intensity (in counts per second, cps): Ca (7348-3239, mean ~ 4495); Sr (372-167, mean ~ 229.5); Fe (910-3074, mean ~ 2623.75); Ti (53-156) ~ 129.75." 1 0.5 0 0.50 Arz et al. (2001) 0063 GeoB3910-2 South Atlantic Ocean -4.25 -36.35 Marine MR -2362 Isotopic fractionation/ Physico-chemical IF/PC d18O ------ Sediment ------ 0.5 120 ~60 2 YES 1 ------ ------ Ages are reservoir corrected. YES "(1) 7,000 to 5,000" YES (1) Higher SST. "(1) More negative values of d18O. Mean d18O values: G. sacculifer = -1.5ä vs. PDB (peak of -1,8ä vs. PDB ~ 6,200 BP); G. tumida= -0.4ä vs. PDB (~ 5,800 BP)." 1 2 1 1.33 Toledo et al. (2008) 0064 SAN-76 South Atlantic Ocean -24.43 -42.28 Marine MR -1682 Biological BI Relative abundance Piston corer Sediment ------ 5 to 10 36 419 0.086 NO ------ "3,010" "13,450" Based on SPECMAP (Martinson et al. (1987); reservoir correction of 400 years. YES "(1) 7,000 to 5,000" YES (1) Higher SST. "(1) Decrease in G. bulloides/G. ruber ratio from 0.25 (7 kyr) to 0.1 (5 kyr), attributed to a stronger Brazil Current (more intense ITCZ). These values are higher than present ones." 1 0.1 0 0.37 Nagai et al. (2009) 0065 7620 South Atlantic Ocean -22.94 -41.98 Marine MR -43 Biological/ Physico-chemical BI/PC Relative abundance; Clay; Silt; C; N; S; CaCO3 Piston corer Sediment ------ 2 208 415 0.501 YES 1 ------ ------ Marine correction of 408 yrs and regional reservoir effect of 82 ± 46 yrs. YES "(1) 7,000 to 5,000" YES (1) Wetter climate. (1) Increase in sand and productivity (benthic foraminifera); higher values of C/N; decrease in carbonate contents. 1 0.6 1 0.87 Pivel et al. (2010) 0066 SAN-76 South Atlantic Ocean -24.43 -42.28 Marine MR -1682 Isotopic fractionation IF d18O Piston corer Sediment ------ ~2 23 488 0.047 NO ------ "3,010" "13,450" Based on SPECMAP (Martinson et al. (1987); reservoir correction of 400 years. YES "(1) 7,000 to 5,000" YES (1) Lower SST. "(1) SST ~27.3 ˇC, derived from a method on foraminiferal census counts." 1 0.1 0 0.37 Weldeab et al. (2006) 0067 GeoB3129/3911 South Atlantic Ocean -4.61 -36.64 Marine MR -830 Isotopic fractionation/ Physico-chemical IF/PC Mg/Ca; d18O ------ Sediment Mg/Ca: Barker et al. (2003); Martin & Lea (2002) ~5 171 680 0.251 YES 2 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) 7,000 to 5,000" YES (1) Similar to present SST; (2) Higher SSS. (1) Mean Mg/Ca-SST = 27.1ˇC; (2) Mean SSS = 36.3 ä. 1 0.3 2 1.10 Chiessi et al. (2010) 0068 GeoB6211-2 South Atlantic Ocean -32.50 -50.24 Marine MR -657 Physico-chemical PC Al/Si ------ Sediment ------ 5 238 120 1.983 NO ------ "1,690" "7,150" "More information at GSA Data Repository, Chiessi et al. (2008)" YES "(1) 7,000 to 5,000" YES (1) Drier climate. (1) Lower than present mean Al/Si ratio (Mean Al/Si = 0.2321). 1 2 0 1.00 Jaeschke et al. (2007) 0069 GeoB3910-2 South Atlantic Ocean -4.25 -36.35 Marine MR -2362 Physico-chemical PC C38; Ti/Ca ------ Sediment Described on the paper. 0.5 120 ~60 2 YES 1 ------ ------ Ages are reservoir corrected. YES "(1) 7,000 and 5,000; (2) 6,000; (3) 7,000 to 5,000" YES (1) Slightly higher SST; (2) Lower SST; (3) Drier climate. "(1) SST ~ 27.2ˇC; (2) SST ~ 26.6ˇC (Late Holocene SST ~ 27.1ˇC) (Prahl et al., 1988 Alkenone SST); (3) Ti/Ca ~ 0." 1 2 1 1.33 Groeneveld & Chiessi (2011) 0070 PS2495-3 South Atlantic Ocean -41.27 -14.49 Marine MR -3134 Isotopic fractionation/ Physico-chemical IF/PC Mg/Ca; d18O Gravity corer Sediment Mg/Ca: Barker et al. (2003). ~10 47 480 0.098 YES 2 ------ ------ Tuned to ages from Lisiecki & Raymo (2005). YES "(1) 6,700 to 5,000" YES (1) Higher SST. (1) Mg/Ca SST = 10.3ˇC (Present SST < 10ˇC). 1 0.1 2 1.03 Cruz et al. (2005) 0071 Bt2 Botuver‡ Cave -27.22 -49.15 Terrestrial TR 230 Isotopic fractionation IF d18O Manual collect Mineral deposition ------ 0.1 700 70 10 YES 1 ------ ------ U/Th dating. YES "(1) after 6,000" YES (1) Wetter climate. (1) Increased rainfall due to South American summer monsoon; more negative values of d18O. 1 10 1 4.00 Str’kis et al. (2011) 0072a LG3 Lapa Grande Cave -14.42 -44.36 Terrestrial TR 508 Isotopic fractionation IF d18O Manual collect Mineral deposition ------ <= 0.04 >= 713 28.5 21.018 YES 2 ------ ------ U/Th dating. YES "(1) 5,900 to 5,000" YES (1) Drier climate. "(1) d18O less negative than present (~ -6.0ä) - however, at Bond 4 there is a minimum of -7.5ä, ca. 5,300 BP." 1 26 2 9.67 Str’kis et al. (2011) 0072b LG11 Lapa Grande Cave -14.42 -44.36 Terrestrial TR 508 Isotopic fractionation IF d18O Manual collect Mineral deposition ------ <= 0.04 >= 575 23 25 YES 3 ------ ------ U/Th dating. YES "(1) 7,000 to 6,300" YES (1) Drier climate. (1) d18O less negative than present (~ -5.5ä). 1 25 3 9.67 Wang et al. (2007) 0073 BTV3A Botuver‡ Cave -27.22 -49.15 Terrestrial TR 250 Isotopic fractionation IF d18O Manual collect Mineral deposition ------ 0.1 239 24 9.958 NO ------ "4,950" "8,000" U/Th dating. YES "(1) 7,000 to 5,000" YES (1) Drier climate. (1) d18O less negative than present (~ -2.3ä). 1 10 0 3.67 Cruz et al. (2006a) 0074 St8 Santana Cave -24.53 -48.72 Terrestrial TR 550 Isotopic fractionation IF d18O Manual collect Mineral deposition ------ ~0.25 658 167 3.940 YES 1 ------ ------ U/Th dating. YES "(1) 7,000 to 5,000" YES (1) Drier climate. (1) d18O less negative than present (~ -4.5ä). 1 4 1 2.00 Cruz et al. (2006b) 0075 Bt2 Botuver‡ Cave -27.22 -49.15 Terrestrial TR 250 Isotopic fractionation IF d13C Manual collect Mineral deposition ------ 0.1 700 70 10 YES 1 ------ ------ U/Th dating. YES "(1) after 6,000" YES (1) Warmer and wetter climate. (1) d13C decrease trend until present - linked to d18O data (Cruz Jr. et al. 2005). 1 10 1 4.00 Cruz et al. (2007) 0076 Bt2 Botuver‡ Cave -27.22 -49.15 Terrestrial TR 250 Isotopic fractionation/ Physico-chemical IF/PC "d18O, Mg/Ca; Sr/Ca" Manual collect Mineral deposition Described on the paper. 0.1 700 70 10 YES 1 ------ ------ U/Th dating. YES "(1) 7,000 to 5,000" YES (1) Drier climate. (1) Higher values of Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca comparing to present. 1 10 1 4.00 Cruz et al. (2009) 0077a RN1 Rio Grande do Norte -5.60 -37.73 Terrestrial TR 100 Isotopic fractionation IF d18O Manual collect Mineral deposition ------ ~0.1 ~700 ~75 9.333 YES 3 ------ ------ U/Th dating. YES "(1) 7,000 to 5,000" YES (1) Wetter climate. (1) d18O more negative than present (~ -6.0ä). 1 10 3 4.67 Cruz et al. (2009) 0077b RN4 Rio Grande do Norte -5.60 -37.73 Terrestrial TR 100 Isotopic fractionation IF d18O Manual collect Mineral deposition ------ ~0.2 ~480 ~110 4.364 YES 1 ------ ------ U/Th dating. YES "(1) 7,000 to 5,000" YES (1) Wetter climate. (1) d18O more negative than present (~ -6.0ä). 1 5 1 2.33 Wang et al. (2006) 0078 BTV4A/BTV4C Botuver‡ Cave -27.22 -49.15 Terrestrial TR 200 Isotopic fractionation IF d18O Manual collect Mineral deposition ------ ~0.1 ~700 71 9.859 YES 8 ------ ------ U/Th dating. YES "(1) 7,000 to 5,000" YES (1) Drier climate. (1) d18O less negative than present (~ -2.7ä). 1 10 8 6.33 Parolin et al. (2006) 0079 Sonda 2 Taquarussu -22.50 -52.33 River RV ~260 Biological BI ------ Vibrocorer Sediment Faegri & Iversen (1989) ~8 28 220 0.127 NO ------ "4,610" "9,710" ------ YES "(1) 9,710 to 4,610" NO (1) Drier and colder climate. "(1) Rare occurrence of arboreal pollen, presence of sand and organic matter; the rare frequency of palinomorphs suggests intense aeolian activity; occurrence of Amaranthaceae and Rubiaceae pollen." 0 0.2 0 0.07 Lorente et al. (2010) 0080 Fazenda Urbano Buritizeiro -17.41 -45.06 Terrestrial TR 910 Biological BI ------ Trench dug Sediment Faegri & Iversen (1989) ~8 7 60 0.117 NO ------ "1,500" "11,640" ------ YES "(1) 6,000 to 1,500" NO (1) Dry to wet transition. (1) Increase in arboreal pollen and establishment of the palm swamp environment. 0 0.2 0 0.07 Cassino (2011) 0081 Fazenda LaŤador Vereda LaŤador -17.81 -45.43 Terrestrial TR ~870 Biological BI ------ Hiller sampler Sediment Faegri & Iversen (1989) ~7 15 103 0.146 NO ------ "1,440" "8,410" ------ YES "(1) 8,330 to 6,320" NO (1) Warmer and wetter climate. "(1) Increase in palm swamp and Mauritia flexuosa. (A decrease in palm swamp and Mauritia flexuosa during the following period is not enough to characterize the period after 6,320 as a drier than present climate)." 0 0.2 0 0.07 Pessenda et al. (1996) 0082 Salitre de Minas Salitre de Minas -19.00 -46.77 Terrestrial TR 1050 Isotopic fractionation/ Physico-chemical/ Biological IF/PC/BI d13C Excavations Soil Dabin (1971); Goh (1978); Anderson & Paul (1984) 10 20 200 0.100 YES 4 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) 7,500 to 6,000" NO (1) Drier climate. "(1) Predominance of C3 plants during the Holocene, even during dry periods; presence of significant amounts of charcoal suggests that fires were a significant process during the Holocene." 0 0.1 4 1.37 Pessenda et al. (2004a) 0083 Londrina Londrina -23.30 -51.17 Terrestrial TR ~580 Isotopic fractionation/ Physico-chemical/ Biological IF/PC/BI d13C; organic matter Excavations Soil Pessenda & Camargo (1991) 10 18 200 0.090 NA ------ ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) 7,000 to 5,000" NO (1) Drier climate. "(1) Higher charcoal amount and d13C values > -18ä, pointing to predominance of C4 plant." 0 0.1 0 0.03 Pessenda et al. (2004a) 0084 Piracicaba Piracicaba -22.77 -47.63 Terrestrial TR ~570 Isotopic fractionation/ Physico-chemical/ Biological IF/PC/BI d13C; organic matter Excavations Soil Pessenda & Camargo (1991) 10 15 ~150 0.100 NA ------ ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) 7,000 to 5,000" NO (1) Drier climate. (1) d13C values (> -18.0 ä) pointing to predominance of C4 plant. 0 0.1 0 0.03 Pessenda et al. (2004a) 0085 Botucatu Botucatu -23.00 -48.00 Terrestrial TR ~500 Isotopic fractionation/ Physico-chemical/ Biological IF/PC/BI d13C; organic matter Excavations Soil Pessenda & Camargo (1991) 10 14; 17 230; 240 0.066 YES 2 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) 6,000 to 3,000" NO (1) Drier climate. "(1) Higher charcoal amount, pointing to frequent paleofires." 0 0.1 2 0.70 Pessenda et al. (2004a) 0086 Anhembi Anhembi -22.75 -47.97 Terrestrial TR ~530 Isotopic fractionation/ Physico-chemical/ Biological IF/PC/BI d13C; organic matter Excavations Soil Pessenda & Camargo (1991) 10 29 ~300 0.097 NO ------ "4,290" "7,580" ------ YES "(1) 7,600 to 4,300" NO (1) Similar to present. "(1) Charcoal amount near to zero, d13C (-24.3ä) characteristic of the modern vegetation cover - open semideciduous forest." 0 0.1 0 0.03 Pessenda et al. (2004a) 0087 Jaguariśna Jaguariśna -22.67 -47.02 Terrestrial TR ~570 Isotopic fractionation/ Physico-chemical/ Biological IF/PC/BI d13C; organic matter Excavations Soil Pessenda & Camargo (1991) 10 33; 24 340; 240 0.099 YES 1 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) 9,000 to 4,000" NO (1) Drier climate. "(1) Higher charcoal amount, pointing to frequent paleofires, predominance of C4 plant." 0 0.1 1 0.37 Pessenda et al. (2004a) 0088 Salitre de Minas Salitre de Minas -19.00 -46.77 Terrestrial TR 1050 Isotopic fractionation/ Physico-chemical/ Biological IF/PC/BI d13C Excavations Soil Pessenda & Camargo (1991) 10 20 200 0.100 YES 4 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) 6,400 to 4,000" NO (1) Drier climate. "(1) Higher charcoal amount, pointing to frequent paleofires; mix of C3 and C4 plants." 0 0.1 4 1.37 Zech et al. (2009) 0089 D4 Misiones -27.39 -55.52 Terrestrial TR 330 Isotopic fractionation/ Physico-chemical IF/PC MS; grain size; SiO2/R2O3 ratios; d13C Piston corer Sediment ------ 5 to 10 43; 81 450 0.138 NO ------ "3,100" "7,100" ------ YES "(1) ca. 7,500 to 3,000" YES (1) Drier climate. (1) Values of d13CTOC (~-20ä) indicate expansion of C4 savanna grasses and/or CAM plants. 1 0.2 0 0.40 Turcq et al. (1997) 0090 Tamandu‡ River Tamandu‡ River -21.42 to -21.48 -47.60 River RV ~600 Physico-chemical PC ------ Vibracorer Sediment ------ ------ ------ Multiple cores ------ YES 3 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) 10,000 to 6,000; (2) 6,000 to present" NO (1) Wetter climate; (2) Similar to present. "(1) High to moderate water discharge and reduced sediment load; (2) At ca. 6,000 the climate changes to drier conditions, similar to present (the present river pattern became established: low discharge, low sediment input and high water table)." 0 NA 3 1.00 Servant et al. (1993) 0091 CSS2 Caraj‡s -6.33 -50.42 Lake LK 700-800 Biological BI ------ "Vibracorer (Martin & Flexor, 1989)" Sediment NA ~20 32 650 0.049 YES 1 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) 8,000 to 5,000" NO (1) Drier climate. (1) Minimum of arboreal pollen percentages. 0 0.1 1 0.37 Servant et al. (1993) 0092 LC3 Salitre de Minas -19.00 -46.77 Terrestrial TR 1050 Biological BI ------ NA Sediment NA ~15 39 600 0.065 YES 2 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) 6,000 to 5,000" NO (1) Drier climate. (1) Minimum of arboreal pollen percentages. 0 0.1 2 0.70 Sifeddine et al. (1994) 0093 CSS2 Caraj‡s -6.58 -49.50 Lake LK 700-800 Isotopic fractionation/ Physico-chemical IF/PC ------ "Vibracorer (Martin & Flexor, 1989)" Sediment ------ 6 104 650 0.160 YES 1 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) 7,000 to 4,000" NO (1) Drier climate. (1) Maximum flux of organic carbon related to the abundance of charcoal (frequency of fires increased). 0 0.2 1 0.40 Sifeddine et al. (2001) 0094 CSS2 Caraj‡s -6.58 -49.50 Lake LK 700-800 Isotopic fractionation/ Physico-chemical/ Biological IF/PC/BI d13C NA Sediment Mineral: Sifeddine (1991); Bertaux et a. (1998). TOC: EspitaliŽ et al. (1986). ~20 ~32 650 0.049 YES 1 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) 8,000 to 4,000" YES (1) Drier climate. "(1) Absence of typical savanna taxa, abnormally high abundance of Piper pollen, presence of sponge spicules and abundant microlaminae of wood charcoal (frequent fires). Conditions referred to as El Ni–o-type." 1 0.1 1 0.70 Jacob et al. (2004) 0095a MA 98-3 Lagoa do CaŤ— -2.96 -43.42 Lake LK 120 Isotopic fractionation/ Physico-chemical/ Biological IF/PC/BI ------ "Vibracorer (Martin et al., 1995)" Sediment "EspitaliŽ et al. (1985a,b)" 2 289 577 0.501 NO ------ "4,930" "9,850" ------ YES "(1) 11,200 to 5,610" YES (1) Similar to present. (1) Very low sedimentation rates (environmental and depositional conditions appear more stable and similar to present). 1 0.6 0 0.53 Jacob et al. (2004) 0095b MA 98-4 Lagoa do CaŤ— -2.96 -43.42 Lake LK 120 Isotopic fractionation/ Physico-chemical/ Biological IF/PC/BI "d13C, d15N, C/N" "Vibracorer (Martin et al., 1995)" Sediment Sifeddine et al. (2003) 2 292 583 0.501 NO ------ ------ ------ Core MA 98-3 is a twin one. YES "(1) 11,200 to 5,610" YES (1) Similar to present. (1) Substantial increase of charcoal-like particles (intensification of forest fires) (environmental and depositional conditions appear more stable and similar to present). 1 0.6 0 0.53 Sifeddine et al. (2004) 0096 CSS2 Caraj‡s -6.58 -49.50 Lake LK 800 Isotopic fractionation/ Physico-chemical/ Biological IF/PC/BI "d13C, C/N" "Vibracorer (Martin & Flexor, 1989)" Sediment Described on the paper. 6 104 655 0.160 YES 1 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) 7,760 to 6,160" NO (1) Drier climate. "(1) Low arboreal pollen percentages; higher C/N values, indicating C3 plants." 0 0.2 1 0.40 Sifeddine et al. (2004) 0097 LDH94-8 Lake Dom HelvŽcio -19.68 -42.63 Lake LK 350 Isotopic fractionation/ Physico-chemical/ Biological IF/PC/BI "d13C, C/N" NA Sediment Described on the paper. NA NA 550 NA YES 1 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) 8,520 to 5,190" NO (1) Similar to present. (1) Mix of algae and C3 plants (C/N<20; d13C ~ 30ä); lower than present TOC (total organic carbon). 0 0 1 0.33 Whitney et al. (2011) 0098 LLG1 Laguna La Gaiba -17.75 -57.58 Lake LK 80-120 Biological BI ------ Colinvaux-Vohnout piston corer (Colinvaux et al. 1999) Sediment Pollen: Faegri & Iversen (1989); Bennett & Willis (2002). Diatoms: Battarbee (1986) ~11 94 Multiple cores 0.090 YES 2 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) 7,000 to 6,000" YES (1) Drier climate. (1) Maximum values of Seasonally-dry Tropical Forest (SDTF) taxa: Anadenanthera and Astronium. 1 0.1 2 1.03 Stevaux (2000) 0099 Paran‡ River Paran‡ River -22.72 -53.17 River RV 250-320 Biological/ Physico-chemical BI/PC ------ Vibracorer and auger motor Sediment Pollen: Jabur (1992); Stevaux et al. (1997) NA NA Multiple cores NA YES 1 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) ca. 8,000 to 3,500" NO (1) Wetter climate. (1) Increase in organic material with abundance if forest elements; sandy gravel facies change to stratified sand and sandy mud facies. 0 0 1 0.33 Gouveia et al. (2002) 0100 Botucatu Botucatu -23.00 -48.00 Terrestrial TR ~500 Isotopic fractionation/ Physico-chemical/ Biological IF/PC/BI d13C Excavations Sediment "Pessenda & Camargo (1991); Pessenda et al. (1996a,b)" 10 23 230 0.100 YES 7 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) ca. 6,000 to 3,000" NO (1) Drier climate. (1) Greatest amount of charcoal found within this period; presence of C3 plants. 0 0.1 7 2.37 Gouveia et al. (2002) 0101 Anhembi Anhembi -22.75 -47.97 Terrestrial TR ~530 Isotopic fractionation/ Physico-chemical/ Biological IF/PC/BI d13C Excavations Sediment "Pessenda & Camargo (1991); Pessenda et al. (1996a,b)" 10 20 200 0.100 NO 0 "4,290" "7,580" ------ YES "(1) 7,600 to 4,300" NO (1) Drier climate. (1) Great amount of charcoal found within this period; presence of C3 plants. 0 0.1 0 0.03 Gouveia et al. (2002) 0102 Jaguariśna Jaguariśna -22.67 -47.02 Terrestrial TR ~570 Isotopic fractionation/ Physico-chemical/ Biological IF/PC/BI d13C Excavations Sediment "Pessenda & Camargo (1991); Pessenda et al. (1996a,b)" 10 23 230 0.100 YES 2 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) 9,000 to 4,000" NO (1) Drier climate. (1) Greatest amount of charcoal found within this period; presence of C4 plants. 0 0.1 2 0.70 Gouveia et al. (2002) 0103 Pontes e Lacerda Pontes e Lacerda -15.27 -59.22 Terrestrial TR ~260 Isotopic fractionation/ Physico-chemical/ Biological IF/PC/BI d13C Excavations Sediment "Pessenda & Camargo (1991); Pessenda et al. (1996a,b)" 10 30 300 0.100 YES 2 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) since 7,500" NO (1) Similar to present. (1) Presence of C3 plants during the entire Holocene (d13C profile varying from -27.3ä to -25.2ä). 0 0.1 2 0.70 Iriarte et al. (2004) 0104 Los Ajos India Muerta -33.70 -53.95 Wetlands WT 15 Biological BI ------ Wildco hand corer Sediment Faegri & Iversen (1975) 5 23 170 0.135 YES 1 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) 6,620 to 4,020 (7,580-7,440 to 4,570-4,410 cal)" YES (1) Drier climate. (1) Paleodata indicate increasing aridity. 1 0.2 1 0.73 Oliveira et al. (2008b) 0105 Campo Alegre Campo Alegre -26.25 -49.25 Terrestrial TR 850-1200 Isotopic fractionation/ Physico-chemical/ Biological IF/PC/BI d13C Excavations Sediment Standard methods: HF (78%) and acetolysis 10 24 150 0.160 YES 1 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) ca. 6,600" NO (1) Drier climate. "(1) Soil erosion, sedimentologic and micromorphologic evidence of dry conditions and wildfires; local mid Holocene dryness and a seasonal, contrasted climatic regime." 0 0.2 1 0.40 Turcq et al. (2002) 0106 CSN93-3 Carajas Serra Norte N3 Lake -6.30 -50.20 Lake LK 680 Biological/ Physico-chemical BI/PC ------ Manual collect Sediment Bertrand et al. (1990) ~2 33 68 0.485 YES 1 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) 7,000 to 5,000" YES (1) Drier climate. "(1) C/N ratio peaked at 49 at 7,700 cal BP and decreased regularly to 11 near the top of the core." 1 0.5 1 0.83 Turcq et al. (2002) 0107 RR94-10 Caracarana Lake -3.84 -59.78 Lake LK 104 Biological/ Physico-chemical BI/PC ------ Vibracorer Sediment Bertrand et al. (1990) ~4 61 225 0.271 YES 2 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) 9,300 to 5,800" YES (1) Drier climate. "(1) More charcoal fragments, higher than present C/N ratio." 1 0.3 3 1.42 Turcq et al. (2002) 0108 AP1 çgua Preta de Baixo Lake -18.42 -41.83 Lake LK 470 Biological/ Physico-chemical BI/PC ------ Vibracorer Sediment Bertrand et al. (1990) ~9 36 317 0.114 YES 1 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) 8,700 to 6,300" YES (1) Drier climate. (1) Presence of charcoal fragments. 1 0.2 1 0.73 Turcq et al. (2002) 0109 LDH94-8 Dom Helvecio Lake -19.68 -42.59 Lake LK 280 Biological/ Physico-chemical BI/PC ------ Piston corer Sediment Bertrand et al. (1990) ~11 51 566 0.090 YES 1 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) since 9,000" YES (1) Lower water level. "(1) The lake level has gradually increased since 9,000 cal BP, and the present-day level was only reached at 1,500 cal BP." 1 0.1 1 0.70 Turcq et al. (2002) 0110 LFB2 Feia Lake -15.57 -47.30 Lake LK 855 Biological/ Physico-chemical BI/PC ------ Vibracorer Sediment Bertrand et al. (1990) ~12 56 674 0.083 YES 2 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) ca. 5,000" YES (1) Drier climate. (1) Lowest carbon flux values of the core. 1 0.1 2 1.03 Pessenda et al. (2005) 0111 MA-97-1 Lagoa do CaŤ— -2.96 -43.42 Lake LK 120 Isotopic fractionation /Biological IF/BI d13C Vibracorer Sediment Faegri & Iversen (1989); Clark (1982) 2 173 345 0.501 YES 2 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) 7,500; (2) 9,000 to 4,000-3,000" YES (1) Similar to present; (2) Drier climate. "(1) Cerrado vegetation similar to present (Byrsonima, Curatella, Mimosaceae); (2) Presence of C4 plants, related to Cerrado expansion. After this period, na increase of C3 plants is related to more arboreal species, revealing more humid conditions, similar to present." 1 0.6 2 1.20 Scheel-Ybert et al. (2003) 0112 BOT Botucatu -22.85 -48.48 Terrestrial TR ~780 Isotopic fractionation /Biological IF/BI d13C Excavations Sediment Pessenda & Camargo (1991) 10 44 440 0.100 YES 5 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) 6,500 to 5,500" NO (1) Drier climate. "(1) Both cores indicate a drier than present climate, due to the presence of cerrad‹o vegetation and d13C values typical of C4 plants." 0 0.1 5 1.70 Scheel-Ybert et al. (2003) 0113 JAG Jaguariśna -22.67 -47.17 Terrestrial TR ~600 Isotopic fractionation /Biological IF/BI d13C Excavations Sediment Pessenda & Camargo (1991) 10 50 500 0.100 YES 4 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) 7,000 to 5,000" NO (1) Drier climate. "(1) Both cores presnt an hiatus ca. 6,240, and forest and cerrado vegetation, while forest is the present vegetation." 0 0.1 4 1.37 Scheel-Ybert et al. (2003) 0114 PIN Anhembi -22.75 -47.97 Terrestrial TR ~530 Isotopic fractionation /Biological IF/BI d13C Excavations Sediment Pessenda & Camargo (1991) 10 19 190 0.100 NO ------ "4,290" "7,580" ------ YES "(1) 7,000 to 5,000" NO (1) Drier climate. (1) Presence of cerrad‹o taxa. 0 0.1 0 0.03 Pessenda et al. (2004b) 0115 Barreirinhas Barreirinhas -3.18 to -2.87 -45.92 to -43.37 Terrestrial TR ~105 Isotopic fractionation/ Physico-chemical IF/PC d13C Excavations Sediment Pessenda et al. (1996b) ~10 ~120 ~350 0.343 NO ------ "4,580" "8,970" Only one core was dated (LF200). YES "(1) 9,000 to 4,000-3,000" YES (1) Drier climate. "(1) Presence of woody savanna (cerrado), by d13C from -22.5 to -21ä; low moisture availability, represented by pollen analysis and high charcoal amount." 1 0.4 0 0.47 Pessenda et al. (2009) 0116 Curucutu Curucutu -23.93 -46.65 Terrestrial TR ~800 Isotopic fractionation/ Physico-chemical/ Biological IF/PC/BI "d13C, C/N" Excavations Sediment Pessenda & Camargo (1991); Colinvaux et al. (1996) 5 or 10 20 123 0.163 YES 1 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) 16,000 to 5,700-4,300 cal" YES (1) Drier climate. "(1) Enrichment of 14C, related to the opening of the forest and presence of C4 plants." 1 0.2 1 0.73 De Oliveira (1992) 0117 Lagoa Serra Negra Lagoa Serra Negra -18.95 -46.83 Lake LK ~1200 Biological BI ------ NA Sediment NA ~12 65 782 0.080 YES 1 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) 7,000 to 5,000" NO (1) Warmer climate. "(1) Pollen spectra found after 5,000 indicates a colder climate, which could be also linked with the altitude of the lake (~1200m) and persisted to the present." 1 0.1 0 0.37 De Oliveira (1992) 0118 Lagoa dos Olhos Lagoa dos Olhos -19.38 -43.90 Lake LK 730 Biological BI ------ NA Sediment NA ~6 32 180 0.180 YES 1 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) 7,000 to 5,000" NO (1) Dry to wet transition. "(1) From 13,685 to 6,000 the vegetation was characterized by a Caryocar savanna which replaced the Podocarpus-Caryocar mosaic forest. After 6,000 the climate consists of two seasons, similar to present." 1 0.2 0 0.40 Ferraz-Vicentini & Salgado-Labouriau (1996) 0119 CR1 Crom’nia -17.28 -49.42 Terrestrial TR 718 Biological BI ------ "Vibrocoring sampler (Martin & Flexor, 1989)" Sediment Salgado-Labouriau et al. (1977) and Ferraz-Vicentini (1993) 5 56 281 0.199 YES 1 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) 6,680 to ca. 3,500" NO (1) Similar to present. "(1) Vegetation similar to the present (Mauritia, marsh plant pollen). " 0 0.2 1 0.40 Barreto (2010) 0120 PX5 Paix‹o Cave -12.63 -41.02 Terrestrial TR 520 Isotopic fractionation IF "d18O, d13C" NA Mineral deposition NA 0.005 492 23 21.391 YES 1 ------ ------ ------ YES "(1) 8,000 to 4,000" YES (1) Wetter climate. (1) d18O more negative than present (~ -4.5ä). 1 22 1 8.00