Toward Energetically Consistent Ocean Models
Possibilities to construct a realistic quasi-global ocean model in Boussinesq approximation with a closed energy cycle are explored in this study. In such a model, the energy related to the mean variables would interact with all parameterizedforms of energy withoutany spuriousenergy sources or sinks. This means that the energy available for interior mixing in the ocean would be only controlled by external energy input from the atmosphere and the tidal system and by internal exchanges. In the current implementation of such a consistent model, however, numerical biases and sources due to the nonlinear equation of state violate energyconservation,resultinginanoverallresidualuptoseveralpercent.Inthree(approximately)consistent model versions with different scenarios of mesoscale eddy dissipation, the parameterized internal wave field providesbetween2and3TWforinteriormixingfromthetotalexternalenergyinputofabout4TW,suchthat a transfer between 0.3 and 0.4 TW into mean potential energy contributes to drive the large-scale circulation in the model. In contrast, the wind work on the mean circulation contributes by about 1.8 TW to the large- scale circulation in all model versions. It is shown that the consistent model versions are more energetic than standard and inconsistent model versions and in better agreement with hydrographic observations.