/* PAPER CITED Citation: Murray, J. and Renard, A.F., 1891. Report on the deep-sea deposits based on the specimens collected during the voyage of HMS Challenger in the years 1872 to 1876. John Menzies and Co., Endinburgh, United Kingdom. http://www.vliz.be/nl/open-marien-archief?module=ref&refid=41584 Abstract: This Monograph on Deep-Sea Deposits forms the penultimate volume of the Official Reports on the Scientific Results of the Challenger Expedition. The work connected with the examination and study of the samples of Deep-Sea Deposits, and the preparation of this Report for the press have occupied a very large part of the author's time and attention for nearly twenty years, and his colleague, Professor A. F. Renard, has also given much of his time to the same studies during the past fourteen years. They hope that the completed work may be regarded as an interesting contribution to our knowledge of the ocean, and prove useful to a large number of scientific men, as it is the first attempt to deal systematically with Deep-Sea Deposits, and the Geology of the sea-bed throughout the whole extent of the ocean. There are three Appendices to the volume, the first containing an explanation of the Charts and Diagrams; the second a Report on the Analysis of Manganese Nodules, by John Gibson, Ph.D., of Edinburgh University; and the third Analyses of Deposits and materials from the Deposits by various analysts. Keywords: manganese nodule, manganese crust, manganese coating, micronodule, geochemistry, ocean Project(s): NOAA-MMS */ /* DATA DESCRIPTION: Citation: Murray, J. and Renard, A.F., 1891: Annotated record of the detailed examination of Mn deposits from the HMS Challenger stations Supplement to: Murray, J. and Renard, A.F., 1891. Report on the deep-sea deposits based on the specimens collected during the voyage of HMS Challenger in the years 1872 to 1876. John Menzies and Co., Endinburgh, United Kingdom. Parameter(s): Event label (Event) * PI: Murray, J. Latitude of event (Latitude) * PI: Murray, J. Longitude of event (Longitude) * PI: Murray, J. Elevation of event [m] (Elevation) * PI: Murray, J. Device of event (Device) * PI: Murray, J. Identification (ID) * PI: Murray, J. DEPTH, sediment/rock [m] (Depth) * GEOCODE * PI: Murray, J. Position (Position) * PI: Murray, J. Deposit type (Type) * PI: Murray, J. Quantity of deposit (Quantity) * PI: Murray, J. Size (Size) * PI: Murray, J. Substrate type (Substrate) * PI: Murray, J. Sediment type (Sediment) * PI: Murray, J. Sediment details, comment (Comm) * PI: Murray, J. Description (Description) * PI: Murray, J. Pages in text (Pages) * PI: Murray, J. Event Latitude Longitude Elevation Device ID Depth [m] Position Type Quantity Size Substrate Sediment Comm Description Pages CHA-VIIB 32.7166666667 -15.8666666667 -4069 Grab CHA-VIIB-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Several Globigerina ooze Yellowish; granular; slightly coherent; breaking up readily in water. residue red-brown. Manganese grains. 36-37 CHA-3 25.75 -20.2333333333 -2789 Dredge CHA-3-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Several Pteropod ooze Light brown with pink tinge; very slightly coherent; granular. residue red. Manganese grains. 40-41 CHA-3 25.75 -20.2333333333 -2789 Dredge CHA-3-2 0 Surface Mn nodule Several Pteropod ooze Light brown with pink tinge; very slightly coherent; granular. residue red. In the dredge there were manganese nodules. 40-41 CHA-3 25.75 -20.2333333333 -2789 Dredge CHA-3-3 0 Surface Mn coating 1 Coral Pteropod ooze Light brown with pink tinge; very slightly coherent; granular. residue red. In the dredge there were fragments of a dead coral covered with a thin coating of black shining manganese. 40-41 CHA-7 23.3833333333 -31.5166666667 -5029 Grab CHA-7-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Several Red clay Plastic, homogeneous, unctuous, drying into coherent red coloured lumps which break up readily in water, lustrous streak. residue brick-red. Manganese grains. 40-41 CHA-8 23.2 -32.9333333333 -4938 Dredge CHA-8-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Several Red clay Plastic; unctuous, homogeneous, drying into coherent red coloured lumps which breakup readily in water; lustrous streak. residue brick-red. Manganese grains. 42-43 CHA-9 23.3833333333 -35.1833333333 -5761 Dredge CHA-9-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Several Red clay Plastic; unctuous, homogeneous, drying into coherent red coloured lumps which breakup readily in water; lustrous streak. residue dark red-brown. Manganese grains. 42-43 CHA-12 21.95 -43.4833333333 -3703 Dredge CHA-12-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Several Globigerina ooze Granular; many black particles. residue red. Manganese grains; pumice. the large quantity of manganese and palagonite is remarkable and accounts for the large percentage and size of the minerals. 42-43 CHA-13 21.6333333333 -44.65 -3475 Dredge CHA-13-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Few Globigerina ooze Light reddish yellow; slightly coherent; gritty; drying into friable lumps. residue red. Palagonite, glassy vocanic particles with a few manganese grains. 42-43 CHA-15 20.8166666667 -48.75 -4252 Grab CHA-15-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Several Globigerina ooze Pale yellow-brown; granular; slightly coherent. residue red. Manganese grains. 42-43 CHA-16 20.65 -50.55 -4453 Dredge CHA-16-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Several 0.0-0.01 cm Globigerina ooze Light yellow-brown; granular; slightly coherent. residue brown. Manganese grains; pumice. The manganese grains found among the residue left on treating the deposit with acid were round and had a diameter of about 0-1 mm. 42-43 CHA-16 20.65 -50.55 -4453 Dredge CHA-16-2 0 Surface Mn nodule Few Core; concretion Globigerina ooze Light yellow-brown; granular; slightly coherent. residue brown. The dredge brought up some concretions covered with two or three sharks' teeth and valves of scalpellum also covered with a thin coating of manganese. 42-43 CHA-16 20.65 -50.55 -4453 Dredge CHA-16-3 0 Surface Mn coating 3 Shark's tooth, valve of scalpellum Globigerina ooze Light yellow-brown; granular; slightly coherent. residue brown. The dredge brought up some concretions covered with two or three sharks' teeth and valves of scalpellum also covered with a thin coating of manganese. 42-43 CHA-18 19.6833333333 -55.2166666667 -4846 Dredge CHA-18-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Few Red clay Light red-brown; plastic; coherent when dry; breaking up readily in water; lustrous streak. residue dark brown. Pumice with a few manganese grains. 44-45 CHA-19 19.25 -57.7833333333 -5486 Grab CHA-19-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Few Red clay Light red-brown; coherent; breaking up in water; lustrous streak; plastic and unctuous when wet. residue red-brown. Glassy volcanic particles with a few manganese grains. 44-45 CHA-26 21.4333333333 -65.2666666667 -5121 Grab CHA-26-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Several Red clay Red-brown when dry; very coherent; dried portions breaking up quickly in water; lustrous streak; plastic and unctuous when wet. residue dark brown. Glassy volcanic fragments with some altered to palagonite and manganese grains. 46-47 CHA-28 24.65 -65.4166666667 -5212 Dredge CHA-28-1 0 In sediment Mn grain 1-2 Red clay Red-grey when dry, unctuous, homogeneous, plastic, lustrous streak. residue dark red. Minute pieces of pumice and one or two manganese grains. 46-47 CHA-29 27.8166666667 -64.9833333333 -4938 Dredge CHA-29-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Several 0.1 cm Red clay Red-grey when dry, unctuous, plastic, homogeneous, lustrous streak. residue dark red. Palagonite with volcanic glass and manganese grains. a large quantity of the deposit came up in the dredge. when this was through fine sieves a few pellets of manganese one millimetre in diameter; were obtained; also some pieces of palagonite and one piece of pumice. 46-47 CHA-38 33.05 -66.5333333333 -4755 Grab CHA-38-1 0 In sediment Mn grain 1-2 Globigerina ooze Brown when wet; dirty white when dry; granular; slightly coherent. residue red. Manganese grains. one or two grains of manganese were observed. 50-51 CHA-39 34.05 -67.5333333333 -5212 Grab CHA-39-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Several Red clay Grey when dry, coherent earthy sublustrous streak. residue red. Manganese grains. 50-51 CHA-40 34.85 -68.5 -4892 Dredge CHA-40-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Several Globigerina ooze Grey when dry; with a pink tinge; slightly coherent; gritty. residue dark brown. Glassy volcanic particles; coloured altered particles with a few manganese grains. 50-51 CHA-46 40.2833333333 -66.8 -2469 Dredge CHA-46-1 0 Surface Mn coating Several Pebble Blue mud Blue-grey when dry; coherent earthy with gritty particles. residue drak grey. With no manganese grains. traces of manganese are found on some of the pebbles. 52-53 CHA-61 34.9 -56.6333333333 -5212 Trawl CHA-61-1 0 Surface Mn crust Concretion Red clay Coherent earthy containing gritty particles. residue red. With no manganese grains. trawl brought up no deposit but some concretions covered with manganese. 54-55 CHA-63 35.4833333333 -50.8833333333 -5029 Trawl CHA-63-1 0 Surface Mn coating Globigerina Globigerina ooze Light brown; slightly coherent; residue brown. Some of the globigerinidae have grains of manganese adhering to their surfaces. 56-57 CHA-64 35.5833333333 -50.45 -4433 Dredge CHA-64-1 0 Surface Mn pellet Several Globigerina ooze Light brown; slightly coherent, homogenuoous. residue brown. With fragments of pumice but no manganese grains. dredge contained 50 kilogrammes of deposit, in which were some pellets of manganese. 56-57 CHA-65 36.55 -47.9666666667 -4938 Grab CHA-65-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Several Red clay Light brown; slightly coherent homogenonus; sublustrous streak. residue brown. Manganese grains. 56-57 CHA-70 38.4166666667 -35.8333333333 -3063 Trawl CHA-70-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Several Globigerina ooze Dirty white; pulverulent granular; chalky. residue brown. Manganese grains. in the washing of the trawl there were concretions of the ooze with black spots. 56-57 CHA-71 38.3 -34.8 -3063 Trawl CHA-71-1 0 Surface Mn coating Several 3.0-4.0 cm Ooze agregate Globigerina ooze Dirty white; pulverulent granular; chalky. residue brown. Presence of manganese. In the trawl there were several aggregations of the ooze from 3 to 4 cm in diameter perforated by worms and coated with a deposit of manganese 56-57 CHA-71 38.3 -34.8 -3063 Trawl CHA-71-2 0 Surface Mn coating Several 7.0 cm Rock; volcanic Globigerina ooze Dirty white; pulverulent granular; chalky. residue brown. In the trawl there was a fragment of compact volcanic rock more or less rounded and about 7 cm. in longest diameter; this fragment has a slight deposit of manganese over the whole surface. 56-57 CHA-85 28.7 -18.1 -2057 Dredge CHA-85-1 0 Surface Mn coating Several Coral Volcanic mud With white spots; slightly coherent; earthy. residue brown-black. Pumice; fragments of volcanic rock; palagonite; manganese grains. There were several large fragments of a gorgonoid coral coated with manganese. 60-61 CHA-85 28.7 -18.1 -2057 Dredge CHA-85-2 0 Surface Mn coating Several 1.0 cm Fragment; rock; volcanic Volcanic mud With white spots; slightly coherent; earthy. residue brown-black. There were in addition some fragments of volcanic rocks about 1 cm. in diameter also coated with manganese. 60-61 CHA-86 25.7666666667 -20.5666666667 -4206 Grab CHA-86-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Several Globigerina ooze With yellow tinge; slightly coherent; chalky. residue red. Volcanic glass and manganese grains. 60-61 CHA-87 25.8166666667 -20.2 -3063 Dredge CHA-87-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Several Pteropod ooze Light brown with pink tinge; very slightly coherent; granular. residue red. Manganese grains. 60-61 CHA-87 25.8166666667 -20.2 -3063 Dredge CHA-87-2 0 Surface Mn coating 1 Coral Pteropod ooze Light brown with pink tinge; very slightly coherent; granular. residue red. A piece of a gorgonoid coral covered with manganese came up in the sounding tube. 60-61 CHA-88 23.9666666667 -21.3 -4206 Grab CHA-88-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Several Globigerina ooze White with a rose or yellow tinge; slightly coherent; chalky. residue red. A few manganese grains. the manganese in the last three sounding shows that it must be abundant over a large area. 60-61 CHA-95 13.6 -22.8166666667 -4206 Grab CHA-95-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Several Globigerina ooze With rose tint; slightly coherent; chalky. residue brown. With manganese grains. 64-65 CHA-101 5.8 -14.3333333333 -4572 Trawl CHA-101-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Many Blue mud Blue-grey; coherent unctuous; lustrous streak. residue blue-black. With a good many small manganese grains. 64-65 CHA-104 2.4166666667 -20.0166666667 -4572 Trawl CHA-104-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Few Globigerina ooze Grey; finely granular; slightly coherent. residue brown-black. A few manganese grains. 64-65 CHA-105 2.1 -22.8833333333 -4161 Grab CHA-105-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Few Globigerina ooze Grey; finely granular; slightly coherent. residue brown-black. A few manganese grains. 64-65 CHA-106 1.7833333333 -24.4333333333 -3383 Trawl CHA-106-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Several Globigerina ooze Grey; finely granular; pulverulent. residue brown-black. Fragments of pumice and manganese grains. 64-65 CHA-130 -26.25 -32.9333333333 -4298 Trawl CHA-130-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Few Globigerina ooze Greyish red when dry; finely granular; coherent. residue reddish. A few manganese grains. 70-71 CHA-131 -29.5833333333 -28.15 -4161 Trawl CHA-131-1 0 Surface Mn coating Earbone Globigerina ooze Yellow-brown, drying into coherent masses. residue reddish. No manganese grains. the trawl brought up the earbone of a ziphius, having a few a very slight coating of manganese. 70-71 CHA-138 -36.3666666667 8.2 -4682 Grab CHA-138-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Several Red clay Red-grey, drying into marly masses; finely granular; slightly coherent and earthy; sublustrous streak. residue red-brown. Manganese grains. 74-75 CHA-143 -36.8 19.4 -3475 Dredge CHA-143-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Several Globigerina ooze Dirty-white; slightly coherent and granular. residue yellow-green. Manganese grains. 76-77 CHA-143 -36.8 19.4 -3475 Dredge CHA-143-2 0 Surface Mn coating Several 1.0-4.0 cm Concretion; phosphatic Globigerina ooze Dirty-white; slightly coherent and granular. residue yellow-green. Manganese grains. there were in the dredge many small and irregular, phosphate concretions 1 to 4 centimetres in diameter coated with manganese and containing glauconite and foraminifera. 76-77 CHA-144 -45.95 34.65 -2871 Grab CHA-144-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Several Globigerina ooze White; granular, slightly coherent when dry. residue yellow-grey. Fragments of volcanic glass and manganese grains. 76-77 CHA-147 -46.2666666667 48.45 -2926 Trawl CHA-147-1 0 Surface Mn coating Cemented lapilli Diatom ooze Grey; very fine and very slightly coherent; small grains recognisable to the touch. residue brown-black with lighter portions white. No manganese grains. there were fragments covered with and cemented by manganese; these consist of lapilli brown in colour and much decomposed. 78-79 CHA-159 -47.4166666667 130.3666666667 -3932 Trawl CHA-159-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Several Globigerina ooze Grey with red tinge; granular and slightly coherent. residue brown. Pumice; red glassy volcanic fragments and manganese grains. 80-81 CHA-160 -42.7 134.1666666667 -4755 Trawl CHA-160-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Several Red clay When wet chocolate coloured and reddish when dry; coherent and breaking up with difficulty in water. residue reddish. Pumice with fragments of volcanic glass; magnetic spherules; manganese grains. 82-83 CHA-160 -42.7 134.1666666667 -4755 Trawl CHA-160-2 0 Surface Mn nodule Many Core; basalt black Red clay When wet chocolate coloured and reddish when dry; coherent and breaking up with difficulty in water. residue reddish. The trawl came up with the netting much torn but in the bag there were a large quantity of red or chocolate clay with many manganese nodules and animals. The nuclei of the nodules are in some cases fragments of feldspathic basalt black and opaque; in others they are pieces of basalt-glass coated with a reddish or yellowish zone of decomposition. 82-83 CHA-160 -42.7 134.1666666667 -4755 Trawl CHA-160-3 0 Surface Mn nodule Many Core; palagonite reddish or yellow Red clay When wet chocolate coloured and reddish when dry; coherent and breaking up with difficulty in water. residue reddish. The trawl came up with the netting much torn but in the bag there were a large quantity of red or chocolate clay with many manganese nodules and animals. the nuclei of the nodules are in some cases fragments of feldspathic basalt black and opaque; in others they are pieces of basalt-glass coated with a reddish or yellowish zone of decomposition. 82-83 CHA-165 -34.8333333333 155.4666666667 -4755 Dredge CHA-165-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Several Red clay Plastic and homogeneous; drying into hard lumps; lustrous streak; breaking up with difficulty in water. residue red-brown. Volcanic fragments; pumice and manganese grains. 84-85 CHA-166C -39.35 171.4666666667 -732 Grab CHA-166C-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Several Globigerina ooze Dirty white; granular; very slightly coherent and soiling the fingers. residue dirty white. Manganese grains. 84-85 CHA-171A -25.0833333333 -172.9333333333 -5304 Grab CHA-171A-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Several Red clay Plastic when wet; light brown when dry; earthy fracture, breaking up with difficulty in water, sublustrous streak. Fragments of basaltic rocks and manganese grains. 86-87 CHA-175 -19.0333333333 177.1666666667 -2469 Trawl CHA-175-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Several Globigerina ooze With much clayey matter; red when wet and red-brown when dry; coherent and earthy. residue chocolate coloured. Volcanic particles with lapilli of basaltic rocks; manganese grains 88-89 CHA-175 -19.0333333333 177.1666666667 -2469 Trawl CHA-175-2 0 Surface Fe-Mn crust Several 6.0-8.0 cm Rock; pumice Globigerina ooze With much clayey matter; red when wet and red-brown when dry; coherent and earthy. residue chocolate coloured. The pumice stones recovered by the trawl are all more or less rounded and vary much in size the largest being 6 to 8 cm. in diameter. they are all covered with a layer of hydroxides of iron and manganese which penetrates them more or less deeply. 88-89 CHA-176 -18.5 175.8666666667 -2652 Grab CHA-176-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Several Globigerina ooze Reddish when wet and red-brown when dry; slightly coherent; breaking up in water. residue chocolate coloured. Volcanic glass transformed into palagonite and manganese grains. 90-91 CHA-176 -18.5 175.8666666667 -2652 Grab CHA-176-2 0 In sediment Mn coating Several Foraminifera Globigerina ooze Reddish when wet and red-brown when dry; slightly coherent; breaking up in water. residue chocolate coloured. Some foraminifera have a deposit of manganese on their surfaces. 90-91 CHA-178 -16.7833333333 165.3333333333 -4846 Grab CHA-178-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Several Red clay Chocolate coloured when wet and yellow-brown when dry; coherent; breaking up in water; fusing easily before the blowpipe; sublustrous streak. Pumice and small particles of manganese. 90-91 CHA-181 -13.8333333333 151.8166666667 -4462 Trawl CHA-181-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Several Red clay (top layer) light red and grey when dry; coherent; fine grained; lustrous streak; plastic; unctuous and brown when wet. residue brown. (bottom layer) light red-grey; somewhat coherent, breaking up readily in water; brown but lighter shade than the upper when wet. residue brown. Glassy volcanic particles and manganese grains. 90-91 CHA-184 -12.1333333333 145.1666666667 -2560 Trawl CHA-184-1 0 Surface Mn coating Several Stone; pumice Globigerina ooze Yellowish when dry; coherent; breaking up readily in water. residue reddish. Fragments of pumice without manganese grains. in the trawl some pumice stones have with a thin coating of manganese. 92-93 CHA-189 -9.6 137.8333333333 -46 Trawl CHA-189-1 0 Surface Mn coating Concretion; calcareous Green mud Pale green-grey; gritty; coherent when dry; containing shell fragments and calcareous concretions. residue green-grey. No manganese grains. in this deposit there were calcareous nodules in a few cases dark in colour, due to the impregnation with black oxide of manganese. 94-95 CHA-195 -4.35 129.1166666667 -2606 Trawl CHA-195-1 0 Surface Mn nodule Several 1.2-10.0 cm Core; pumice Blue mud Blue-grey: coherent, homogeneous and fine grained; plastic when wet. residue blue-grey. No manganese grains. in the dredge there were a number of pumice nodules varying from 1/2 to 4 inches (12 mm. to 10 cm.) in diameter and slightly impregnated with manganese. 96-97 CHA-196 -0.8083333333 126.975 -1509 Trawl CHA-196-1 0 Surface Mn coating Several Conglomerate Hard ground Hard conglomerate; yellow-white. residue yellow- white. Pumice but no manganese grains. in the trawl there were fragments of a hard irregular, honeycombed conglomerate of a yellow-white colour; coated in parts with manganese and overgrown with serpula polyzoa, and sponges. 98-99 CHA-196 -0.8083333333 126.975 -1509 Trawl CHA-196-2 0 Surface Mn coating 1 Pebble; decomposed volcanic Hard ground Hard conglomerate; yellow-white. residue yellow- white. There was also an angular pebble of augite-andesite, much decomposed and coated with manganese. 98-99 CHA-215 4.3166666667 130.25 -4663 Trawl CHA-215-1 0 Surface Mn coating Several Fragment; pumice Red clay Red-yellow when dry and dark-brown when wet; coherent; lustrous streak; homogeneous and plastic. Pumice but no manganese grains. in the trawl the pumice fragments are slightly impregnated in some cases with manganese. 104-105 CHA-216A 2.9333333333 134.1833333333 -3658 Trawl CHA-216A-1 0 Surface Mn coating Several Stone; pumice, altered volcanic glass Globigerina ooze Light red-grey; slightly coherent and fine grained; plastic and red coloured when wet. residue dark red-brown. Pumice and altered volcanic glass but no manganese grains. a considerable number of pumice stones came up in the trawl varying from the size of a marble to that of a good-sized egg. the surface of most of these was impregnated with manganese. 104-105 CHA-218 -2.55 144.0666666667 -1957 Trawl CHA-218-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Few Globigerina ooze Pale blue-grey with reddish tinge; homogeneous and coherent, somewhat plastic when wet. residue dark blue-grey. Manganese grains in some instances. 106-107 CHA-218 -2.55 144.0666666667 -1957 Trawl CHA-218-2 0 Surface Mn coating Several Rock; pumice Globigerina ooze Pale blue-grey with reddish tinge; homogeneous and coherent, somewhat plastic when wet. residue dark blue-grey. Manganese grains in some instances. in the bag of the trawl there are large pieces of pumice and other stones slightly impregnated in some cases with manganese. 106-107 CHA-220 -0.7 147 -2012 Trawl CHA-220-1 0 Surface Mn coating Several 1.2-2.5 cm Stone; pumice Globigerina ooze Pale yellow-white; granular; sightly coherent. residue red-brown. Very small lapilli od andesitic rock but no manganese grains. in the trawl were several rounded pieces of pumice, about 1/2 to 1 inch 12 to 25 mm.) in diameter which were slightly impregnated with manganese in some cases. 106-107 CHA-222 2.25 146.2666666667 -4481 Grab CHA-222-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Several Red clay Light brown with red tinge; coherent; fine grained presenting no macroscopic elements. residue chocolate coloured. Glassy volcanic fragments and manganese grains. 106-107 CHA-226 14.7333333333 142.2166666667 -4206 Trawl CHA-226-1 0 Surface Fe-Mn coating Several Stone; pumice Red clay Deep chocolate coloured when wet; greasy to the touch; yellowish when dry, pulverulent and breaking up with difficulty in water; lustrous streak. residue chocolate coloured. No manganese grains. the trawl brought up a quantity of pumice. the pumice stones are all more or less decomposed and coloured by the hydroxides vitreous of iron and manganese. 108-109 CHA-227 17.4833333333 141.35 -4526 Grab CHA-227-1 0 Surface Mn layer Red clay Chocolate coloured when wet; plastic and fine grained; no macroscopic elements. No manganese grains. the deposit contains much manganese. two or three pieces of pumice about 0.5 cm. in diameter were obtained. the minerals are crystals or fragments covered with a coating of scoriaceous glass. 108-109 CHA-228 19.4 141.2166666667 -4481 Grab CHA-228-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Many Red clay Red an chocolate coloured when wet; coherent; fine grained; presenting no macroscopic elements. Palagonite and a lot of manganese grains. there is a considerable quantity of manganese in the form of little black grains. there are also many pellets of pumice from 1 to 5 mm. in diameter. 108-109 CHA-229 22.0166666667 140.45 -4572 Trawl CHA-229-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Many Red clay Red and chocolate coloured and plastic when wet; coherent but somewhat friable; fine grained; presenting no macroscopic elements. Abundant manganese grains. the microscope reveals that particles of pumice and grains of manganese are abundant. 108-109 CHA-230 26.4833333333 137.95 -4435 Trawl CHA-230-1 0 Surface Mn coating Several 2.5 cm Stone; pumice Red clay Chocolate colored and plastic when wet; coherent but somewhat friable; fine grained; presenting no macroscopic elements. No manganese grains. in the trawl were about a dozen pieces of pumice stone averaging an inch (25 mm.) in diameter and impregnated with manganese 110-111 CHA-232 35.1833333333 139.4666666667 -631 Dredge & Trawl CHA-232-1 0 Surface Mn coating Several Particle; volcanic glass and pumice Green mud Green-grey; earthy and slightly coherent; breaking up readily in water; containing shells. residue dark green with brown tinge. Fragments of volcanic glass and pumice but no manganese grains. some of the mineral particles are coated with manganese. 110-111 CHA-236A 34.9833333333 139.5166666667 -768 Trawl CHA-236A-1 0 Surface Mn coating Large Piece; hardened sediment Green mud Slightly coherent; breaking up in water. residue dark green. No manganese grains. in the trawl there were some very large hardened pieces of the bottom. these were perforated by worms and in some cases slightly coated with manganese. 112-113 CHA-239 35.3 147.15 -6629 Grab CHA-239-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Many Red clay Light red-grey when dry and somewhat plastic and red coloured when wet; coherent and line grained; breaking up in water; presenting no macroscopic elements. With manganese grains. a considerable quantity of pumice is present and among the washings were numerous black particles of manganese. 112-113 CHA-240 35.3333333333 153.65 -5304 Trawl CHA-240-1 0 Surface Mn coating Several 0.5 cm Fragment; pumice Red clay Light red-grey when dry and dark red when wet; coherent; fine grained; breaking up in water. Pumice scoriae and palagonite but no manganese grains. In the clay were worm-tubes much impregnated with manganese, also several blackened pieces of pumice about the size of a pea. 112-113 CHA-241 35.6833333333 157.7 -4206 Trawl CHA-241-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Many Red clay The upper layers is red dish and the deeper layers greyish and more compact; when dry yellowish grey and slightly coherent. residue chocolate coloured. Numerous fragments of pumice and manganese grains. the trawl brought up many hundreds of pumice stones and many animals. 112-113 CHA-242 35.4833333333 161.8666666667 -4709 Grab CHA-242-1 0 Surface Mn nodule 2 Small Core; altered pumice Red clay Red-brown; unctuous to the touch; slightly coherent and fine grained; lustrous streak. No manganese grains. There was a small quantity of the deposit in the sounding tube and also a small quantity and two small manganese nodules in the water-bottle. the nodules had a nucleus of altered pumice and a coating of manganese an eighth of an inch (3 mm.) in thickness. 112-113 CHA-244 35.3666666667 169.8833333333 -5304 Trawl CHA-244-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Several Red clay Reddish or light brown when dry; coherent; fine grained; soft to the touch. Cosmic spherules and manganese grains. 114-115 CHA-244 35.3666666667 169.8833333333 -5304 Trawl CHA-244-2 0 Surface Mn crust Several Stone; pumice Red clay Reddish or light brown when dry; coherent; fine grained; soft to the touch. The trawl brought up a large quantity of the clay and a number or animals and also many pumice stones mostly surrounded with concentric deposits of manganese. 114-115 CHA-245 36.3833333333 174.5166666667 -5075 Grab CHA-245-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Several Red clay Light red-grey when dry; coherent and very fine grained; breaking up readily in water; presenting no macroscopic elements; chocolate coloured and plastic when wet. Pumice and manganese grains. 114-115 CHA-245 36.3833333333 174.5166666667 -5075 Grab CHA-245-2 0 Surface Mn nodule 1 0.5 cm Red clay Light red-grey when dry; coherent and very fine grained; breaking up readily in water; presenting no macroscopic elements; chocolate coloured and plastic when wet. A piece of black manganese about the size of a bean and many smaller pieces, were observed. 114-115 CHA-246 36.1666666667 178 -3749 Trawl CHA-246-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Several Globigerina ooze Brownish when wet and grey when wet; plastic and slightly coherent. residue brownish. Volcanic glass with black and reddish grains of manganese. the trawl brought up much ooze, many pumice stones and a large number of animals. 114-115 CHA-247 35.8166666667 -179.95 -4627 Grab CHA-247-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Several Red clay Upper layer dark red with lower layer much lighter; fine grained; presenting no macroscopic elements; coherent; breaking up in water. residue red-brown. Manganese grains with glassy volcanic fragments and palagonite. 114-115 CHA-248 37.6833333333 -177.0666666667 -5304 Trawl CHA-248-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Several Red clay Brown-red and yellowish brown when dry, unctuous when wet; coherent; sublustrous streak. Fragments of pumice and manganese grains. 114-115 CHA-248 37.6833333333 -177.0666666667 -5304 Trawl CHA-248-2 0 Surface Mn nodule Many Red clay Brown-red and yellowish brown when dry, unctuous when wet; coherent; sublustrous streak. The trawl came up torn but contained much clay and many manganese nodules with pumice stones and several animals. 114-115 CHA-249 37.9833333333 -171.8 -5486 Grab CHA-249-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Several Red clay Light red-grey and dark red when wet; coherent; fine grained. With manganese grains. 114-115 CHA-251 37.6166666667 -163.4333333333 -5395 Grab CHA-251-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Several Red clay Light red-grey and light red-brown unctuous and plastic when wt; coherent; fine grained. Volcanic glass with palagonite and manganese grains. 114-115 CHA-252 37.8666666667 -160.2833333333 -5011 Trawl CHA-252-1 0 Surface Mn nodule Many Core; pumice Red clay Reddish or light brown and grey-brown when dry; plastic and fine grained; breaking up with difficulty in water. The trawl was much torn when it came up but contained a quantity of manganese nodules. The nuclei of the nodules consist of pumice or volcanic glass and carcharedon teeth. 116-117 CHA-252 37.8666666667 -160.2833333333 -5011 Trawl CHA-252-2 0 Surface Mn nodule Several Core; shark's tooth Red clay Reddish or light brown and grey-brown when dry; plastic and fine grained; breaking up with difficulty in water. The trawl was much torn when it came up but contained a quantity of manganese nodules. The nuclei of the nodules consist of pumice or volcanic glass and carcharedon teeth. 116-117 CHA-253 38.15 -156.4166666667 -5715 Dredge CHA-253-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Several Red clay Red-brown when wet and yellowish brown when dry; unctuous and coherent; breaking up with difficulty in water; lustrous streak. Pumice and manganese grains 116-117 CHA-253 38.15 -156.4166666667 -5715 Dredge CHA-253-2 0 Surface Mn nodule Several Red clay Red-brown when wet and yellowish brown when dry; unctuous and coherent; breaking up with difficulty in water; lustrous streak. There were some clay and manganese nodules in both the dredge and tow-nets. 116-117 CHA-254 35.2166666667 -154.7166666667 -5532 Trawl CHA-254-1 0 Surface Mn nodule 1 3.8 cm Red clay Light red-grey when dry and light red-brown when wet fine grained and coherent; plastic and unctuous; lustrous streak; breaking up with great difficulty in water. Broken down pumice and palagonite but no manganese grains. a large quantity of the clay came up and in the water bottle there was a twin nodule of manganese about 1 inches (38 mm.) in largest diameter. an upper and lower side of the nodule can be seen and it was covered with a reticulated rhizopod. 116-117 CHA-255 32.4666666667 -154.55 -4663 Grab CHA-255-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Many Red clay Light red-grey when dry and light red coloured when wet coherent and fine grained; unctuous and plastic. Volcanic glass with pumice and manganese grains. the washings of the trawl consists largely of broken down pumice among which are many manganese grains. 116-117 CHA-256 30.3333333333 -154.9333333333 -5395 Dredge CHA-256-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Several Red clay Light red-grey and dark red-brown when wet; coherent and fine grained; lustrous streak; breaking up readily in water. Volcanic glass with palagonite and manganese grains. 116-117 CHA-256 30.3333333333 -154.9333333333 -5395 Dredge CHA-256-2 0 Surface Mn nodule Several Red clay Light red-grey and dark red-brown when wet; coherent and fine grained; lustrous streak; breaking up readily in water. The greater part of the dredge was sifted and all passed through the finest sieves with the exception of some manganese nodules and sharks' teeth as well as one piece of pumice about the size of a pigeon's egg. 116-117 CHA-257 27.55 -154.9166666667 -5258 Grab CHA-257-1 0 In sediment Mn grain + Mn fragments Several Red clay Light red colour. Volcanic glass with palagonite and manganese grains. a great proportion of the bottom was pumice in a very fine state of division and there were pieces of black manganese and radiolarian remains. 116-117 CHA-258 26.1833333333 -155.2 -5075 Grab CHA-258-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Several Red clay Brown-grey; coherent and fine grained; breaking up with difficulty in water; red-brown and plastic when wet. Volcanic glass particles and manganese grains. about a pint (over half a litre) of the clay of a uniform character. 116-117 CHA-264 14.3166666667 -152.6166666667 -5486 Trawl CHA-264-1 0 Surface Mn nodule 8 Red clay Light red-grey; coherent and fine grained; breaking up with difficulty in water; red-brown when wet. Palagonite was abundant. In the bag of the trawl were seven or eight small manganese nodules. The manganese nodules were not of the usual rounded character but were very irregular. 118-119 CHA-264 14.3166666667 -152.6166666667 -5486 Trawl CHA-264-2 0 Surface Mn coating Several Hard material Red clay Light red-grey; coherent and fine grained; breaking up with difficulty in water; red-brown when wet. In the bag of the trawl some pieces of the hardened bottom had a slight coating of manganese. In addition were small shark's teeth and cephalopod beaks. 118-119 CHA-265 12.7 -152.0166666667 -5304 Dredge CHA-265-1 0 Surface Mn nodule 1 Radiolarian ooze Red-brown or chocolate coloured; homogeneous and soft to the touch; reddish when dry. The dredge came up filled with dark coloured ooze with a few small pieces of pumice and one manganese nodule. 120-121 CHA-267 9.4666666667 -150.8166666667 -4938 Grab CHA-267-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Many Radiolarian ooze Light yellow-grey; fine and coherent with no macroscopic element. Manganese grains with magnetite and volcanic particles. Many manganese grains were observed. 120-121 CHA-267 9.4666666667 -150.8166666667 -4938 Grab CHA-267-2 0 Surface Mn nodule Fragments 1.0 cm Radiolarian ooze Light yellow-grey; fine and coherent with no macroscopic element. Manganese grains with magnetite and volcanic particles. Many manganese grains were observed with a broken manganese nodule larger than a good sized marble. 120-121 CHA-268 7.5833333333 -149.8166666667 -5304 Grab CHA-268-1 0 Surface Mn nodule Several 0.25 cm Radiolarian ooze Red-brown when wet; fine grained and red-grey when dry. One spherical granulated manganese grain (nodule?), about the size of a pea was noticed. 120-121 CHA-269 5.9 -147.0333333333 -4663 Dredge CHA-269-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Several Radiolarian ooze Brown when wet; coherent and light yellow-grey when dry. Manganese grains with glassy particles and palagonite. the upper part of the tube were some yellow coloured patches indicating a surface layer about an inch of thickness. the colour appears to be due to the smaller number of manganese grains in the upper layer. 120-121 CHA-270 2.5666666667 -149.15 -5349 Grab CHA-270-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Few Globigerina ooze White with light yellow tinge; chalky and slightly coherent. Few volcanic particles and one or two manganese grains. the white lower layer is a nearly pure globigerina ooze, while the upper brown layer seems to be composed of equal parts of siliceous and calcareous organisms. 120-121 CHA-272 -3.8 -152.9333333333 -4755 Trawl CHA-272-1 0 Surface Mn coating Rock; palagonite Radiolarian ooze Brown-grey; slightly coherent when dry; dark-brown when wet. In the trawl there were a rounded piece of pumice slightly impregnated with manganese 120-121 CHA-272 -3.8 -152.9333333333 -4755 Trawl CHA-272-2 0 Surface Mn nodule 3 Core; pumice Radiolarian ooze Brown-grey; slightly coherent when dry; dark-brown when wet. In the trawl there were two or three irregular manganese nodules with pumice nuclei. 120-121 CHA-273 -5.1833333333 -152.9333333333 -4298 Grab CHA-273-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Several Large Radiolarian ooze Dark-brown when wet; slightly coherent and fine grained; brown-grey when dry. Rounded manganese grains and volcanic particles. There are present a great number of manganese grains some of them of considerable size (manganese nodules?). 120-121 CHA-274 -7.4166666667 -152.25 -5029 Trawl CHA-274-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Several Radiolarian ooze Red-brown or chocolate coloured; fine grained and onctuous; yellow-red when dry. Manganese grains with magnetic spherules and pumice. 122-123 CHA-274 -7.4166666667 -152.25 -5029 Trawl CHA-274-2 0 Surface Mn nodule Many Core; volcanic glass and palagonite Radiolarian ooze Red-brown or chocolate coloured; fine grained and onctuous; yellow-red when dry. The trawl and attached nets contained a quantity of manganese nodules; some earbones of cetaceans; shark's teeth and pumice fragments. the nucleus of one nodule is composed of amorphous clayey matter bordered with zeolitic crystals. a glassy volcanic pebble was obtained with an outer rim transformed into palagonite. 122-123 CHA-276 -13.4666666667 -149.5 -4298 Trawl CHA-276-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Several Red clay Brown when dry; slightly coherent and pulverising easily into a granular powder; earthy; sublustrous streak; residue dark brown or chocolate coloured. Philippsite spherules with volcanic glass fragments with manganese grains and magnetic spherules. 122-123 CHA-276 -13.4666666667 -149.5 -4298 Trawl CHA-276-2 0 Surface Mn nodule Many 1.0-2.0 cm Core; volcanic Red clay Brown when dry; slightly coherent and pulverising easily into a granular powder; earthy; sublustrous streak; residue dark brown or chocolate coloured. The trawl brought up about half a ton (508 kilogrammes) of manganese nodules. The nuclei of the nodules consist of fragments or basaltic rocks or lapilli. in all cases these nuclei are very much altered. the nodules were mostly from 1 to 2 cm. in diameter. 122-123 CHA-276 -13.4666666667 -149.5 -4298 Trawl CHA-276-3 0 Surface Mn coating Several Shark's tooth Red clay Brown when dry; slightly coherent and pulverising easily into a granular powder; earthy; sublustrous streak; residue dark brown or chocolate coloured. The trawl brought up some small pieces of pumice along with some angular basaltic pebbles and many sharks' teeth (one very large); some of those are thickly and others slightly coated with manganese. 122-123 CHA-278B -17.2 -149.7166666667 -2789 Grab CHA-278B-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Several Coral sand Grey; made up of white and black (volcanic) particles. Manganese grains and volcanic fragments. the bulk of the deposit is made up of fragments of coral. 122-123 CHA-280 -18.6666666667 -149.8666666667 -3548 Trawl CHA-280-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Several Globigerina ooze Yellow-brown when wet; slightly coherent; grey with red tinge when dry. Fragments of volcanic rocks with manganese grains. 124-125 CHA-280 -18.6666666667 -149.8666666667 -3548 Trawl CHA-280-2 0 In sediment Mn coating Several Particle; volcanic Globigerina ooze Yellow-brown when wet; slightly coherent; grey with red tinge when dry. Fragments of volcanic rocks with manganese grains and all the mineral particles are covered with a thin coat of manganese and iron. 124-125 CHA-280 -18.6666666667 -149.8666666667 -3548 Trawl CHA-280-3 0 Surface Mn nodule 3 Core; volcanic ash and clay Globigerina ooze Yellow-brown when wet; slightly coherent; grey with red tinge when dry. There were also 2 or 3 manganese nodules. These nodules seem to be formed of portions of the bottom and are perforated in all directions by worm tubes. one of the nodules had a nucleus composed of clay and of volcanic ashes. 124-125 CHA-281 -22.35 -150.2833333333 -4362 Trawl CHA-281-1 0 Surface Mn nodule Many Core; volcanic tufa Red clay Red-brown when wet; gritty and slightly coherent; breaking up in water to fine powder; red when dry. Palagonite without manganese grains. In the trawl was an immense number of manganese nodules and sharks' teeth. Some of the manganese nodules measure 18 x 12x 8 inches (4.6 x 3.0 x 7.5 cm.). All nodules have only a slight coating of manganese with the interior being filled with a volcanic tufa. The nodules were overgrown with hyperammina vagans and other rhizopods. 124-125 CHA-281 -22.35 -150.2833333333 -4362 Trawl CHA-281-2 0 Surface Mn crust Several 4.6x3.0x7.5 cm Rock; pumice Red clay Red-brown when wet; gritty and slightly coherent; breaking up in water to fine powder; red when dry. Some of the manganese nodules measure 18 x 12x 8 inches (4.6 x 3.0 x 7.5 cm.) 124-125 CHA-282 -23.7666666667 -149.9833333333 -4481 Grab CHA-282-1 0 In sediment Mn coating Several Grains; palagonite Red clay Red-brown when wet; gritty and slightly coherent; breaking up in water to fine powder; red when dry. Grains of palagonite and other minerals coated with iron and manganese. 124-125 CHA-282 -23.7666666667 -149.9833333333 -4481 Grab CHA-282-2 0 In sediment Mn fragment Many Red clay Red-brown when wet; gritty and slightly coherent; breaking up in water to fine powder; red when dry. There are many fragments of manganese and several small pieces of pumice in the tube with small penetration. 124-125 CHA-283 -26.15 -145.2833333333 -3795 Grab CHA-283-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Many Globigerina ooze Brown when wet; slightly coherent and chalky; grey when dry. Manganese grains and glassy volcanic particles. there were a good many manganese grains and yellow and red crystals. 126-127 CHA-283 -26.15 -145.2833333333 -3795 Grab CHA-283-2 80 Buried Mn pellet Several Globigerina ooze Brown when wet; slightly coherent and chalky; grey when dry. At the bottom of the tube (80 cm) there was a dark chocolate coloured clay containing manganese in rounded pellets. 126-127 CHA-285 -32.6 -137.7166666667 -4343 Trawl CHA-285-1 0 Surface Mn coating Many Red clay Dark brown when wet; plastic and coherent; dark red-brown when dry. The trawl brought numerous shark's teeth from which the bony material has been completely removed. 126-127 CHA-285 -32.6 -137.7166666667 -4343 Trawl CHA-285-2 0 Surface Mn nodule Many Core; volcanic Red clay Dark brown when wet; plastic and coherent; dark red-brown when dry. The trawl brought a barrel full of manganese nodules. Some of the nuclei of the nodules are altered basaltic fragments and others are volcanic glass or augite-andesite or hornblende-andesite. All the glassy fragments are cemented to the manganese coating by zeolites crystallised in situ. Numerous shark's teeth from which the bony material has been completely removed. 126-127 CHA-286 -33.3333333333 -133.3666666667 -4270 Trawl CHA-286-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Several Red clay Red-brown when wet; plastic and slightly coherent; reddish yellow when dry. Manganese grains with a few volcanic particles and magnetic spherules. Two layers of sediment in the tube with much less manganese in the lower layer. 126-127 CHA-286 -33.3333333333 -133.3666666667 -4270 Trawl CHA-286-2 0 Surface Mn nodule Many Red clay Red-brown when wet; plastic and slightly coherent; reddish yellow when dry. The trawl brought up large numbers of manganese nodules and shark's teeth. 126-127 CHA-286 -33.3333333333 -133.3666666667 -4270 Trawl CHA-286-3 0 In sediment Mn staining Few Concretion; clay with worm tubes Red clay Red-brown when wet; plastic and slightly coherent; reddish yellow when dry. There were also some clayey concretions of the bottom, perforated by worm tubes, lined with manganese. 126-127 CHA-287 -36.5333333333 -132.8666666667 -4389 Grab CHA-287-1 0 Surface Mn nodule Many 0.5-1.0 cm Core; palagonite Red clay Chocolate brown; plastic and coherent; lustrous streak. Small concretions of manganese with volcanic glass and magnetic spherules. about a quart of this deposit came up containing an immense quantity of manganese nodules some of them measuring from 0.5 to 1.0 cm in diameter; in one or two instances these nodules are joined together. associated to these there are small volcanic particles altered to brownish palagonite. 126-127 CHA-288 -40.05 -132.9666666667 -4755 Grab CHA-288-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Several Red clay Dark red-brown when wet; plastic and very coherent; brown-grey when dry. Manganese grains and glassy volcanic particles. 128-129 CHA-288 -40.05 -132.9666666667 -4755 Grab CHA-288-2 0 Surface Mn nodule Few Small Red clay Dark red-brown when wet; plastic and very coherent; brown-grey when dry. A few small manganese nodules overgrown with hyperammina vagans were observed. 128-129 CHA-289 -39.6833333333 -131.3833333333 -4663 Trawl CHA-289-1 0 Surface Mn nodule Many Red clay Red-brown when wet; plastic and coherent; fine grained; pale brown-grey when dry. No manganese grains. the trawl brought up a great quantity of manganese nodules but no deposit. a great many manganese grains were noticed. 128-129 CHA-290 -39.2666666667 -124.1166666667 -4206 Grab CHA-290-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Few Red clay Red-brown when wet; plastic and coherent; fine grained; pale brown-grey when dry. Some manganese grains. 128-129 CHA-291 -39.2166666667 -118.8166666667 -4115 Trawl CHA-291-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Many Red clay Red-brown when wet; plastic and coherent; fine grained; pale brown-grey when dry. A good many manganese grains. 128-129 CHA-291 -39.2166666667 -118.8166666667 -4115 Trawl CHA-291-2 0 Surface Mn nodule 1 1.0 cm Red clay Red-brown when wet; plastic and coherent; fine grained; pale brown-grey when dry. In the bag of the trawl there was only one manganese nodule the size of a marble to which was attached an egg capsule. 128-129 CHA-292 -38.7166666667 -112.5166666667 -2926 Trawl CHA-292-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Several Globigerina ooze Light-brown grey; slightly coherent; Manganese grains with altered volcanic particles. coccoliths are comparatively abundant. the volcanic character is dominant for the hard particles. 128-129 CHA-293 -39.0666666667 -105.0833333333 -3703 Trawl CHA-293-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Several Globigerina ooze Chocolate coloured when wet; plastic and coherent; brown when dry. Manganese grains with splinters of volcanic glass. 128-129 CHA-293 -39.0666666667 -105.0833333333 -3703 Trawl CHA-293-2 0 Surface Mn nodule 6 2.0 cm No core Globigerina ooze Chocolate coloured when wet; plastic and coherent; brown when dry. The trawl brought up a dozen manganese nodules and two shark's teeth. The largest of the nodules is about the size of a pigeon's egg. Several nodules have nuclei of palagonite and others appear to be made entirely of manganese. 128-129 CHA-293 -39.0666666667 -105.0833333333 -3703 Trawl CHA-293-3 0 Surface Mn nodule 6 Core; palagonite Globigerina ooze Chocolate coloured when wet; plastic and coherent; brown when dry. Several nodules have nuclei of palagonite and others appear to be made entirely of manganese. 128-129 CHA-293 -39.0666666667 -105.0833333333 -3703 Trawl CHA-293-4 0 Surface Mn coating 2 Shark's tooth Globigerina ooze Chocolate coloured when wet; plastic and coherent; brown when dry. The trawl brought up a dozen manganese nodules and two shark's teeth. The teeth and pebble are slightly coated with manganese. 128-129 CHA-294 -39.3666666667 -98.7666666667 -4151 Grab CHA-294-1 0 In sediment Mn pellet and particle Several Red clay Rich chocolate colour when wet; plastic and coherent; homogeneous; chocolate coloured when dry. Manganese grains with glassy volcanic particles. the great mass of the washings was composed of small pellets or particles of manganese along with crystals of phillipsite and fragments of palagonite. 128-129 CHA-294 -39.3666666667 -98.7666666667 -4151 Grab CHA-294-2 0 Surface Mn nodule 1 0.25 cm Red clay Rich chocolate colour when wet; plastic and coherent; homogeneous; chocolate coloured when dry. One small nodule the size of a pea was noticed. 128-129 CHA-295 -38.1166666667 -94.0666666667 -2743 Trawl CHA-295-1 0 Surface Mn fragment Several Globigerina ooze Particles of volcanic glass but no manganese grains. The dredge ooze contained a good many small manganese particles. 130-131 CHA-296 -38.1 -88.0333333333 -3338 Trawl CHA-296-1 40 In sediment Mn layer Globigerina ooze Somewhat coherent; light brown-grey when dry. Some manganese grains with many white glassy splinters and palagonite. Two layers in the tube. The lower layer has few organisms with abundant manganese. 130-131 CHA-296 -38.1 -88.0333333333 -3338 Trawl CHA-296-2 40 Buried Mn nodule 1 Globigerina ooze Somewhat coherent; light brown-grey when dry. A small nodule the size of a pea was observed. 130-131 CHA-297 -37.4833333333 -83.1166666667 -3246 Trawl CHA-297-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Globigerina ooze Yellow-grey; slightly coherent. Manganese grains with plagioclase and glassy volcanic particles. 130-131 CHA-297 -37.4833333333 -83.1166666667 -3246 Trawl CHA-297-2 0 Surface Mn nodule Many 0.25-7.0 cm Core; palagonite decomposed Globigerina ooze Yellow-grey; slightly coherent. The trawl brought a large quantity of manganese nodules (3 to 4 quarts = 3.4 to 4.5 litres) varying from the size of a pea to that of a hen's egg. on of the tow nets at the trawl was full of a yellow colored ooze in which were many rounded manganese nodules. the nuclei of some of the larger of these nodules are composed of a yellow or dark green material easily cut with a knife, showing the last stage of decomposition of palagonite. there were some lumps of the ooze in the tow-net showing the beginning of the nodule formation. 130-131 CHA-298 -34.1166666667 -73.9333333333 -4069 Trawl CHA-298-1 0 Surface Mn nodule 1 2.5 cm Blue mud Coherent with macroscopic elements; plastic when wet; light blue-grey when dry. No manganese grains. In the tow-net there was a flat and round manganese nodule about one inch (25 mm) across. 130-131 CHA-298 -34.1166666667 -73.9333333333 -4069 Trawl CHA-298-2 0 Surface Mn slab 1 3.0 cm Core; pumice Blue mud Coherent with macroscopic elements; plastic when wet; light blue-grey when dry. A second manganese nodule was a quarter inches thick (31 mm) with a nucleus of pumice. 130-131 CHA-299 -33.5166666667 -74.7166666667 -3950 Trawl CHA-299-1 0 Surface Mn nodule Several Core; pumice or altered basalt Blue mud Red-brown and compact when wet; coherent and fine grained; plastic when wet; pale blue-grey when dry. No manganese grains. in the tube, the lower layer (1 inch-4 inches) is a blue-grey compact mud containing pieces of pumice and several manganese grains. in the trawl there was over a quart (over a litre) of nodules and fragments of pumice. Some of these nodules are manganese throughout and others are formed of pumice surrounded by a deposit of manganese. 132-133 CHA-299 -33.5166666667 -74.7166666667 -3950 Trawl CHA-299-2 0 Surface Mn nodule Several No core Blue mud Red-brown and compact when wet; coherent and fine grained; plastic when wet; pale blue-grey when dry. Some of these nodules are manganese throughout. 132-133 CHA-300 -33.7 -78.3 -2515 Trawl CHA-300-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Several Globigerina ooze Yellow-brown; slightly coherent and plastic; yellow-white when dry. Manganese grains with small volcanic lapilli and palagonite. 132-133 CHA-300 -33.7 -78.3 -2515 Trawl CHA-300-2 0 Surface Mn coating Several Pebble; basalt Globigerina ooze Yellow-brown; slightly coherent and plastic; yellow-white when dry. A considerable quantity came up in the trawl amongst which several small basaltic pebbles having a slight coating of manganese. 132-133 CHA-302 -42.7166666667 -82.1833333333 -2652 Trawl CHA-302-1 0 Surface Mn nodule Several Core; basalt or palagonite Globigerina ooze Yellow-red; slightly coherent and gritty; pale yellow-brown when dry. Manganese grains with pumice and palagonite. a considerable quantity of ooze was obtained in the sounding tube with small pieces of manganese and pumice. in the trawl were a number of manganese nodules with nucleii of fragments of basalt with a vitreosus base passing into palagonite. nodules were overgrown with worm tubes and hyperammina vagans. 132-133 CHA-302 -42.7166666667 -82.1833333333 -2652 Trawl CHA-302-2 0 Surface Mn coating 1 Rock; granite Globigerina ooze Yellow-red; slightly coherent and gritty; pale yellow-brown when dry. A piece of granite was recovered with a slight coating of manganese. 132-133 CHA-330 -37.75 -33 -4462 Grab CHA-330-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Several Red clay Grey-brown; coherent and homogeneous; lustrous streak. Manganese with volcanic particles 140-141 CHA-330 -37.75 -33 -4462 Grab CHA-330-2 0 Surface Mn staining 1 Worm tube inside Red clay Grey-brown; coherent and homogeneous; lustrous streak. One worm tube had a deposit of manganese in the inside. 140-141 CHA-335 -32.4 -13.0833333333 -2606 Dredge CHA-335-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Several Pteropod ooze White with rose tinge; granular and pulverulent. Manganese grains with pumice and glassy volcanic fragments. 142-143 CHA-335 -32.4 -13.0833333333 -2606 Dredge CHA-335-2 0 Surface Mn coating Many Mollusc's shell Pteropod ooze White with rose tinge; granular and pulverulent. Many of the shells of the recovered pelagic molluscs are black and brown from a coating of manganese. 142-143 CHA-337 -24.6333333333 -13.6 -2268 Dredge CHA-337-1 0 Surface Mn coating Several Mollusc's shell Pteropod ooze White; black spots and shiny scales; granular. No manganese grains. the tow-net brought pelagic molluscs some of them black or brown with a thin coating of manganese. 142-143 CHA-339 -17.4333333333 -13.8666666667 -2588 Grab CHA-339-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Several Pteropod ooze White with a faint red tinge; granular and pulverulent. Manganese grains. 144-145 CHA-339 -17.4333333333 -13.8666666667 -2588 Grab CHA-339-2 0 Buried Mn coating Several Pteropod's or heteropod's shell Pteropod ooze White with a faint red tinge; granular and pulverulent. The tube brought pteropod and heteropod shells which were quite black or with a brown colour from a coating of manganese. 144-145 CHA-340 -14.55 -13.7 -2743 Grab CHA-340-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Several Pteropod ooze White; granular and pulverulent. Manganese grains. 144-145 CHA-341 -12.2666666667 -13.7333333333 -2697 Grab CHA-341-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Several Pteropod ooze White; granular and pulverulent. Manganese grains. small particles of manganese were found in the sounding tube. on the outside of the tube were found some black streaks which on examination were found to be due to peroxide of manganese (MnO2) 144-145 CHA-342 -9.7166666667 -13.85 -2643 Grab CHA-342-1 0 Surface Mn grain Several Pteropod ooze White; granular and pulverulent. Manganese grains. the tube brought pteropods covered with a thin coating of peroxide of manganese (MnO2) 144-145 CHA-343 -8.05 -14.45 -777 Dredge CHA-343-1 0 Surface Mn coating 2 Fragment; coral Globigerina ooze White. No manganese grains. the sounding tube brought up two pieces of coral coated with manganese. 144-145 CHA-344 -7.9055555556 -14.4722222222 -768 Dredge CHA-344-1 0 Surface Mn coating Several Fragment; rock, shell Calcareous volcanic sand Mottled brown black and white. Palagonite with many glassy volcanic fragments but no manganese grains. Many of the fragments of rocks or shells or corals brought by the tow-net are quite black from a coating of manganese. 146-147 CHA-347 -0.25 -14.4166666667 -4115 Grab CHA-347-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Several Globigerina ooze Grey; granular and slightly coherent. Manganese grains with spherules and hornblende. 146-147 CHA-347 -0.25 -14.4166666667 -4115 Grab CHA-347-2 0 In sediment Mn coating Several Foraminifera Globigerina ooze Grey; granular and slightly coherent. In the sounding tube some of the foraminifera in the deposit have their surfaces dotted with grains of manganese. 146-147 CHA-347 -0.25 -14.4166666667 -4115 Grab CHA-347-3 0 Surface Mn coating Few Shell Globigerina ooze Grey; granular and slightly coherent. A few shells are also coated with manganese. 146-147 CHA-353 26.35 -33.6166666667 -5422 Grab CHA-353-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Many Red clay Plastic when wet; unctuous and homogeneous. Manganese grains with volcanic glass. the colour of the deposit is due to the hydrate of iron. the bottom of the tube sounding (35 cm) is darker coloured with abundance of manganese grains and fishes' teeth. 146-147 CHA-354 32.6833333333 -36.1 -3063 Grab CHA-354-1 0 In sediment Mn grain Several Globigerina ooze Light grey with rose tinge; granular and pulverulent. Manganese grains with rounded fragments of quartz. 146-147 */ /* DATA DESCRIPTION: Citation: Murray, J. and Renard, A.F., 1891: (Table, page 370), Chemical composition of manganese nodules and other manganese rich deposits discovred during the HMS Challenger expedition Supplement to: Murray, J. and Renard, A.F., 1891. Report on the deep-sea deposits based on the specimens collected during the voyage of HMS Challenger in the years 1872 to 1876. John Menzies and Co., Endinburgh, United Kingdom. Parameter(s): Event label (Event) * Metadata Analysis ID Loss at ignition after drying at 110°C [%] (LOI) * PI: Pr. J. S. Brazier, Univ. of Aberdeen * METHOD: Wet chemistry Silicium oxide [%] (SiO2) * PI: Pr. J. S. Brazier, Univ. of Aberdeen * METHOD: Wet chemistry Aluminium oxide [%] (Al2O3) * PI: Pr. J. S. Brazier, Univ. of Aberdeen * METHOD: Wet chemistry Iron oxide [%] (Fe2O3) * PI: Pr. J. S. Brazier, Univ. of Aberdeen * METHOD: Wet chemistry Manganese oxide [%] (MnO2) * PI: Pr. J. S. Brazier, Univ. of Aberdeen * METHOD: Wet chemistry Calcium carbonate [%] (CaCO3) * PI: Pr. J. S. Brazier, Univ. of Aberdeen * METHOD: Wet chemistry Calcium sulfate [%] (CaSO4) * PI: Pr. J. S. Brazier, Univ. of Aberdeen * METHOD: Wet chemistry Calcium phosphate [%] (Ca3(PO4)2) * PI: Pr. J. S. Brazier, Univ. of Aberdeen * METHOD: Wet chemistry Magnesium carbonate [%] (MgCO3 [%] * PI: Pr. J. S. Brazier, Univ. of Aberdeen * METHOD: Wet chemistry Total for soluble part in HCl [%] (Total Soluble) * PI: Pr. J. S. Brazier, Univ. of Aberdeen * METHOD: Wet chemistry Silicium oxide for insoluble part in HCl [%] (SiO2 Insol.) * PI: Pr. J. S. Brazier, Univ. of Aberdeen * METHOD: Wet chemistry Aluminium oxide for insoluble part in HCl [%] (Al2O3 Insol.) * PI: Pr. J. S. Brazier, Univ. of Aberdeen * METHOD: Wet chemistry Iron oxide for insoluble part in HCl [%] (Fe2O3 Insol.) * PI: Pr. J. S. Brazier, Univ. of Aberdeen * METHOD: Wet chemistry Calcium oxide for insoluble part in HCl [%] (CaO Insol.) * PI: Pr. J. S. Brazier, Univ. of Aberdeen * METHOD: Wet chemistry Magnesium oxide for insoluble part in HCl [%] (MgO Insol.) * PI: Pr. J. S. Brazier, Univ. of Aberdeen * METHOD: Wet chemistry Total for insoluble part in HCl [%] (Total Insol.) * PI: Pr. J. S. Brazier, Univ. of Aberdeen * METHOD: Wet chemistry Observation deposit identifier (ID) Description of sample selection and preparation (Description) Comment : Two parts are analysed separately after solution of the one part in HCl. Event Analysis ID LOI [%] SiO2 [%] Al2O3 [%] Fe2O3 [%] MnO2 [%] CaCO3 [%] CaSO4 [%] Ca3(PO4)2 [%] MgCO3 [%] Total Soluble [%] SiO2 Insol. [%] Al2O3 Insol. [%] Fe2O3 Insol. [%] CaO Insol. [%] MgO Insol. [%] Total Insol. [%] ID Description CHA-3 96 24.84 4 2.5 31.6 25.64 3.15 1.16 0.9 1.51 70.46 2 1 1.3 0.3 0.1 4.7 CHA-3-2 Nodule CHA-3 97 18.3 5 1.7 40.71 22.8 5.15 1.17 0.34 1.51 78.38 1.66 0.55 0.68 0.25 0.18 3.32 CHA-3-2 Small mass of a brown and blackish colour, no definite shape, but appeared as if broken from some larger mass CHA-16 98 13.63 7.05 2.95 36.08 29.32 1.96 1.05 4.32 82.73 3.64 CHA-16-2 Pieces of a very small nodule, smooth, grey on the outside, yellowish inside, weight only 3 grams CHA-160 99 20.4 11.17 2 19.08 32.48 3.07 0.58 0.2 1.72 70.3 7.8 0.45 0.5 0.35 0.2 9.3 CHA-160-3 Irregular shaped nodules CHA-160 100 11 9.8 4.6 16.7 39.32 3 0.58 1.6 75.6 12 0.28 0.12 13.4 CHA-160-3 External portion of nodules CHA-160 101 10.25 16.8 1.8 15.1 33.62 3 0.58 3.02 73.72 11.73 2.1 1.5 0.4 0.3 16.03 CHA-160-3 Internal portion of nodules CHA-248 102 16.5 11 2.5 20.5 22.5 2.65 0.85 1.1 61.1 18.1 2.17 1.16 0.65 0.32 22.4 CHA-248-2 For the purpose of analysis a small nodule and an equal quantity of a large one were mixed as a whole CHA-252 103 10.6 11 3.5 19.33 28.5 3.37 0.88 1.9 68.48 16.74 2.35 1.15 0.45 0.23 20.92 CHA-252-1 Three smooth round nodules CHA-252 104 20.8 9.9 5 17.83 26.37 3.58 0.58 2.27 64.53 11.37 1.7 0.9 0.5 0.2 14.67 CHA-252-1 External portion of nodules CHA-252 105 15.2 9.2 4.5 16.92 25.48 3.58 0.58 2.27 62.53 18.42 2.1 0.9 0.65 0.2 22.27 CHA-252-1 Internal portion of nodules CHA-253 107 12.1 15.97 4.7 21.2 26.21 3.06 0.75 0.45 0.86 73.2 11.16 1.8 0.9 0.52 0.32 14.7 CHA-253-2 Nodule CHA-256 108 11.3 9.2 2.3 18.8 39.57 2.58 0.58 4.54 77.57 8.6 1.4 0.8 0.33 11.13 CHA-256-2 Several small nodules, irregular in shape, average weight 200 grains, light grey colour outside, blackish grey inside, except centre, which was also of a light grey colour and very friable CHA-264 109 8.9 24.2 2.65 21.38 29.09 2.58 0.62 3.4 83.92 4.1 0.6 1.7 0.45 0.33 7.18 CHA-264-2 Peculiar grey material, rough, a few brown particles attached to its surface. CHA-274 110 12.6 10.5 1 8.41 51.46 3.58 0.59 1.35 4.92 82.6 3 0.6 0.6 0.45 0.15 4.8 CHA-274-2 Portions of two nodules sawn through, so as to obtain a fair average CHA-274 111 12.5 9.8 0.3 11.97 52.39 3.95 0.75 0.83 2.12 82.9 2.65 0.56 0.94 0.34 0.11 4.6 CHA-274-2 External portion of nodules CHA-274 112 11.4 8.8 0.3 9.75 55.89 3.88 0.58 0.35 4.16 84.5 2.54 0.31 0.78 0.33 0.14 4.1 CHA-274-2 Internal portion of nodules CHA-276 113 16.3 13.6 5 40.5 11.4 5.06 0.87 1.13 77.56 1.94 1.3 1.5 0.7 0.7 6.14 CHA-276-2 Average sample on several nodules CHA-276 114 14.4 9.76 2 45 14.82 4.3 0.99 1.13 78 3.9 1.1 1.4 0.7 0.5 7.6 CHA-276-2 External portion of nodules CHA-276 115 14.1 36.3 8.9 21 1.91 2.7 0.41 1.53 72.75 8 1.8 2 0.85 0.5 13.15 CHA-276-2 Internal portion of nodules CHA-281 117 16 15.4 2 29 22.22 2.79 0.29 1.51 73.21 7.22 1.25 1.33 0.84 0.15 10.79 CHA-281-1 Nodules, average weight 10 grams, apparently consisting of two varieties; some on breaking were of a dark brown colour and treated here CHA-281 118 10.98 15.12 3.38 32.5 19.92 2.81 0.63 ... 1.41 75.77 9.24 1.3 1.52 0.84 0.35 13.25 CHA-281-1 Several small nodules. Residue after acid, grey clay CHA-281 119 5.66 30.4 2.7 27.8 6.51 2.79 0.29 1.13 71.62 12.5 2.13 5.04 2.69 0.36 22.72 CHA-281-2 Nodules, average weight 10 grams, apparently consisting of two varieties; some on breaking were of a slatey-brown colour and analysed here CHA-285 120 12.9 9.2 2.5 24.63 36.54 1.86 0.34 1.13 76.2 7.58 1.94 0.72 0.56 0.1 10.9 CHA-285-2 Small nodules, average weight 6 grams, dark brown colour outside, yellowish grey inside. Several taken as a whole for analysis. CHA-285 121 9.25 12.68 7.42 11.64 24.71 3.59 0.73 7.15 1.3 69.22 15.06 3.8 2.2 0.38 0.09 21.53 CHA-285-2 Nodule CHA-285 122 19.3 12.1 6.2 20.1 16.14 4.36 0.87 0.75 60.52 12.55 2.4 3 1.91 0.32 20.18 CHA-285-2 Nodule CHA-285 123 13 9.5 9.5 16.4 22.06 0.97 1.05 2.63 0.98 63.09 16.5 4.7 1.1 1.4 0.21 23.91 CHA-285-2 Nodule CHA-285 124 8.23 30.6 8.14 25.04 8.54 2.49 0.38 0.62 75.81 10 1.25 3.49 0.7 0.52 15.96 CHA-285-2 Nodule CHA-285 125 13.6 33.8 9.5 18.98 13.98 3 1.04 80.3 2.36 1.15 2 0.45 0.14 6.1 CHA-285-2 Internal portion of nodules CHA-285 125a 23.4 9.62 8.15 12.75 22.2 4.15 0.75 0.9 0.14 58.52 12.18 3.33 1.44 0.99 18.08 CHA-285-2 Nodule CHA-285 125b 9.32 4.47 9.17 13.9 10.46 1.84 2.15 0.22 0.57 42.78 39.23 3.65 3 0.68 0.89 47.45 CHA-285-2 The material was white or brownish white, and was easily cut with a knife ; it contained 14.95 per cent. of moisture, very light in weight, and fused into a blackish glass CHA-286 126 8.7 17.1 2.5 24 27.4 4.37 0.87 0.7 1.86 78.3 8.91 1.9 1.2 0.84 0.15 13 CHA-286-2 Several small brittle nodules taken as a whole CHA-286 127 15.5 14.1 2.31 21.87 22.79 2.65 0.51 0.69 0.68 65.6 14.3 1.6 2.2 0.5 0.3 18.9 CHA-286-2 Internal portion of nodules. Two small hard nodules, coated with a brown shell (which was removed). They wore black throughout, except a small white centre in one, and a small tooth or portion of a tooth in the other CHA-286 128 11.35 9.5 1.63 16.48 38.15 5.01 0.94 3.26 74.97 10.51 1.18 1.4 0.37 0.22 13.68 CHA-286-2 External portion of nodules. The brown shelly coatings of the various other specimens CHA-289 129 13.8 8.9 2.5 19.79 32.02 3.08 0.58 0.4 1.87 69.7 12.6 1.66 1.2 0.78 0.26 16.5 CHA-289-1 Irregular shaped nodules, dark in colour, somewhat similar in appearance to those of Station 160 CHA-293 130 11.2 8 1 20.06 37.61 4.21 0.7 0.69 3.93 76.2 8.7 2.21 0.8 0.78 0.11 12.6 CHA-293-2 Small irregular shaped nodules-average weight 5.5 grams, blackish appearance outside, grey inside, very light and friable CHA-297 131 11.3 10.2 0.5 28.48 30.77 6.36 0.87 4.39 81.57 4.54 0.5 1.3 0.61 0.18 7.13 CHA-297-2 Small irregular shaped nodules, grey colour outside, black inside CHA-297 131a 8.66 4.67 14.04 10.23 4.16 3.61 3.22 0.75 40.68 44.07 4.63 0.63 0.46 0.46 50.48 CHA-297-2 The nuclei used in this analysis wore white or brownish white in colour, very light in weight, and easily cut with a knife. They contained 13.4 per cent, of moisture, and on ignition fused into a blackish glass CHA-299 132 11.8 7 0.7 6.08 55.67 5.57 0.58 1.9 77.5 7.1 2.3 0.7 0.49 0.11 10.7 CHA-299-2 Two smaller nodules taken as a whole CHA-299 133 10 9 0.3 14 46.89 2.57 0.58 4.16 77.5 8.4 2.6 0.7 0.51 0.29 12.5 CHA-299-2 The softer parts of some of the nodules CHA-299 134 10.4 5.6 5.86 63.23 2.79 0.51 2.65 80.64 5.49 2.4 0.6 0.34 0.13 8.96 CHA-299-2 The hard parts of some of the nodules CHA-302 135 11.4 11.4 0.55 39.75 22.27 4.08 1.27 3.48 82.8 8.6 0.6 1.1 0.39 0.11 5.8 CHA-302-1 Small mass, no definite shape, but appeared as if broken from some larger mass, similar to the specimen from Station 3 CHA-285 137 11 5.6 13 6.87 28.49 4.17 1.6 21.63 2.64 84 5 CHA-285-1 Shark's tooth. The interior of this tooth had evidently decayed away, and the space had subsequently become filled up with the mixture of manganese and iron oxides, along with some silica. */ Note : In http://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.52103, Sir John Murray is mistakenly called Murray, James W. which is the name of my friend James (Jim) W. Murray from University of Washington, Seattle and who is the co-author of our first database on manganese nodules and many more papers on manganese. He is also the co-author of several tables on PANGAEA. He is on ResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/J_Murray Unfortunately in our future files there will also be a James W. Murray from the University of Vancouver who discovered nodules in a fjord near Vancouver named the Jarvis Inlet. Life is not simple !