The hydrogen isotopic composition (2H/1H, or d2H) of palmitic acid (PA) was measured in surface sediments from the Laptev and Kara Seas in the Russian Arctic to evaluate its use as a paleohydrographic proxy. d2HPA values in surface sediments varied by 118‰ over a 21 ppt range in mean annual surface salinity, and the two properties were highly correlated (R2 ¼ 0.8, p < 0.001) according to the relationship d2HPA ¼ 4.22 (±0.60)*S - 338 (±15). In contrast, d2H values of vascular plant wax n-alkanes (nC27, nC29, nC31) did not change systematically with salinity. These differing lipid d2H trends support the interpretation of PA as derived primarily from marine microalgae at these sites. Both the range and absolute values of d2HPA compared favorably to those predicted from published Arctic Ocean salinity and water isotope data and the expected response of d2HPA to salinity in cultured phytoplankton. Some 64e74% of the observed sedimentary d2HPA increase is estimated to have resulted from increasing d2Hwater values, with the remainder resulting from decreased 2H-discrimination during lipid biosynthesis at higher salinities. The large signal and high sensitivity of d2HPA to surface salinity changes in the Russian Arctic was exploited to test the hypothesis that floodwaters emanated from the Mackenzie River during the late deglacial period. Measurements of d2HPA were performed in a sediment core from the continental slope off the Mackenzie River in the Canadian Arctic. In samples from the top Bølling/Allerød-Younger Dryas period, reconstructed surface salinities (and d2HPA values) off the Mackenzie River declined from 20 ("253‰) to 16 ("269‰) before rebounding to 24 ("236‰) in the early Holocene, close to the modern value of ~25. A large salinity depression in the Canadian Arctic just prior to the start of the Younger Dryas would support the hypothesis of a northern routing of flood-waters from glacial Lake Agassiz via the Mackenzie River as a trigger for the Younger Dryas event.