Global maps of soil temperature

hdl:10013/epic.0f072886-40fd-45d1-923b-7bc3e1ff1a58

Global maps of soil temperature

Lembrechts, Jonas J, van den Hoogen, Johan, Aalto, Juha, Ashcroft, Michael B, De Frenne, Pieter, Kemppinen, Julia, Kopecký, Martin, Luoto, Miska, Maclean, Ilya MD, Crowther, Thomas W, Bailey, Joseph J, Haesen, Stef, Klinges, David H, Niittynen, Pekka, Scheffers, Brett R, Van Meerbeek, Koenraad, Aartsma, Peter, Abdalaze, Otar, Abedi, Mehdi, Aerts, Rien, Ahmadian, Negar, Ahrends, Antje, Alatalo, Juha M, Alexander, Jake M, Allonsius, Camille Nina, Altman, Jan, Ammann, Christof, Andres, Christian, Andrews, Christopher, Ardö, Jonas, Arriga, Nicola, Arzac, Alberto, Aschero, Valeria, Assis, Rafael L, Assmann, Jakob Johann, Bader, Maaike Y, Bahalkeh, Khadijeh, Barančok, Peter, Barrio, Isabel C, Barros, Agustina, Barthel, Matti, Basham, Edmund W, Bauters, Marijn, Bazzichetto, Manuele, Marchesini, Luca Belelli, Bell, Michael C, Benavides, Juan C, Alonso, José Luis Benito, Berauer, Bernd J, Bjerke, Jarle W, Björk, Robert G, Björkman, Mats P, Björnsdóttir, Katrin, Blonder, Benjamin, Boeckx, Pascal, Boike, Julia, Bokhorst, Stef, Brum, Bárbara NS, Brůna, Josef, Buchmann, Nina, Buysse, Pauline, Camargo, José Luís, Campoe, Otávio C, Candan, Onur, Canessa, Rafaella, Cannone, Nicoletta, Carbognani, Michele, Carnicer, Jofre, Casanova‐Katny, Angélica, Cesarz, Simone, Chojnicki, Bogdan, Choler, Philippe, Chown, Steven L, Cifuentes, Edgar F, Čiliak, Marek, Contador, Tamara, Convey, Peter, Cooper, Elisabeth J, Cremonese, Edoardo, Curasi, Salvatore R, Curtis, Robin, Cutini, Maurizio, Dahlberg, C Johan, Daskalova, Gergana N, de Pablo, Miguel Angel, Della Chiesa, Stefano, Dengler, Jürgen, Deronde, Bart, Descombes, Patrice, Di Cecco, Valter, Di Musciano, Michele, Dick, Jan, Dimarco, Romina D, Dolezal, Jiri, Dorrepaal, Ellen, Dušek, Jiří, Eisenhauer, Nico, Eklundh, Lars, Erickson, Todd E, Erschbamer, Brigitta, Eugster, Werner, Ewers, Robert M, Exton, Dan A, Fanin, Nicolas, Fazlioglu, Fatih, Feigenwinter, Iris, Fenu, Giuseppe, Ferlian, Olga, Calzado, M Rosa Fernández, Fernández‐Pascual, Eduardo, Finckh, Manfred, Higgens, Rebecca Finger, Forte, T'ai GW, Freeman, Erika C, Frei, Esther R, Fuentes‐Lillo, Eduardo, García, Rafael A, García, María B, Géron, Charly, Gharun, Mana, Ghosn, Dany, Gigauri, Khatuna, Gobin, Anne, Goded, Ignacio, Goeckede, Mathias, Gottschall, Felix, Goulding, Keith, Govaert, Sanne, Graae, Bente Jessen, Greenwood, Sarah, Greiser, Caroline, Grelle, Achim, Guénard, Benoit, Guglielmin, Mauro, Guillemot, Joannès, Haase, Peter, Haider, Sylvia, Halbritter, Aud H, Hamid, Maroof, Hammerle, Albin, Hampe, Arndt, Haugum, Siri V, Hederová, Lucia, Heinesch, Bernard, Helfter, Carole, Hepenstrick, Daniel, Herberich, Maximiliane, Herbst, Mathias, Hermanutz, Luise, Hik, David S, Hoffrén, Raúl, Homeier, Jürgen, Hörtnagl, Lukas, Høye, Toke T, Hrbacek, Filip, Hylander, Kristoffer, Iwata, Hiroki, Jackowicz‐Korczynski, Marcin Antoni, Jactel, Hervé, Järveoja, Järvi, Jastrzębowski, Szymon, Jentsch, Anke, Jiménez, Juan J, Jónsdóttir, Ingibjörg S, Jucker, Tommaso, Jump, Alistair S, Juszczak, Radoslaw, Kanka, Róbert, Kašpar, Vít, Kazakis, George, Kelly, Julia, Khuroo, Anzar A, Klemedtsson, Leif, Klisz, Marcin, Kljun, Natascha, Knohl, Alexander, Kobler, Johannes, Kollár, Jozef, Kotowska, Martyna M, Kovács, Bence, Kreyling, Juergen, Lamprecht, Andrea, Lang, Simone I, Larson, Christian, Larson, Keith, Laska, Kamil, le Maire, Guerric, Leihy, Rachel I, Lens, Luc, Liljebladh, Bengt, Lohila, Annalea, Lorite, Juan, Loubet, Benjamin, Lynn, Joshua, Macek, Martin, Mackenzie, Roy, Magliulo, Enzo, Maier, Regine, Malfasi, Francesco, Máliš, František, Man, Matěj, Manca, Giovanni, Manco, Antonio, Manise, Tanguy, Manolaki, Paraskevi, Marciniak, Felipe, Matula, Radim, Mazzolari, Ana Clara, Medinets, Sergiy, Medinets, Volodymyr, Meeussen, Camille, Merinero, Sonia, de Cássia Guimarães Mesquita, Rita, Meusburger, Katrin, Meysman, Filip JR, Michaletz, Sean T, Milbau, Ann, Moiseev, Dmitry, Moiseev, Pavel, Mondoni, Andrea, Monfries, Ruth, Montagnani, Leonardo, Moriana‐Armendariz, Mikel, di Cella, Umberto Morra, Mörsdorf, Martin, Mosedale, Jonathan R, Muffler, Lena, Muñoz‐Rojas, Miriam, Myers, Jonathan A, Myers‐Smith, Isla H, Nagy, Laszlo, Nardino, Marianna, Naujokaitis‐Lewis, Ilona, Newling, Emily, Nicklas, Lena, Niedrist, Georg, Niessner, Armin, Nilsson, Mats B, Normand, Signe, Nosetto, Marcelo D, Nouvellon, Yann, Nuñez, Martin A, Ogaya, Romà, Ogée, Jérôme, Okello, Joseph, Olejnik, Janusz, Olesen, Jørgen Eivind, Opedal, Øystein H, Orsenigo, Simone, Palaj, Andrej, Pampuch, Timo, Panov, Alexey V, Pärtel, Meelis, Pastor, Ada, Pauchard, Aníbal, Pauli, Harald, Pavelka, Marian, Pearse, William D, Peichl, Matthias, Pellissier, Loïc, Penczykowski, Rachel M, Penuelas, Josep, Bon, Matteo Petit, Petraglia, Alessandro, Phartyal, Shyam S, Phoenix, Gareth K, Pio, Casimiro, Pitacco, Andrea, Pitteloud, Camille, Plichta, Roman, Porro, Francesco, Portillo‐Estrada, Miguel, Poulenard, Jérôme, Poyatos, Rafael, Prokushkin, Anatoly S, Puchalka, Radoslaw, Pușcaș, Mihai, Radujković, Dajana, Randall, Krystal, Backes, Amanda Ratier, Remmele, Sabine, Remmers, Wolfram, Renault, David, Risch, Anita C, Rixen, Christian, Robinson, Sharon A, Robroek, Bjorn JM, Rocha, Adrian V, Rossi, Christian, Rossi, Graziano, Roupsard, Olivier, Rubtsov, Alexey V, Saccone, Patrick, Sagot, Clotilde, Bravo, Jhonatan Sallo, Santos, Cinthya C, Sarneel, Judith M, Scharnweber, Tobias, Schmeddes, Jonas, Schmidt, Marius, Scholten, Thomas, Schuchardt, Max, Schwartz, Naomi, Scott, Tony, Seeber, Julia, de Andrade, Ana Cristina Segalin, Seipel, Tim, Semenchuk, Philipp, Senior, Rebecca A, Serra‐Diaz, Josep M, Sewerniak, Piotr, Shekhar, Ankit, Sidenko, Nikita V, Siebicke, Lukas, Collier, Laura Siegwart, Simpson, Elizabeth, Siqueira, David P, Sitková, Zuzana, Six, Johan, Smiljanic, Marko, Smith, Stuart W, Smith‐Tripp, Sarah, Somers, Ben, Sørensen, Mia Vedel, Souza, José João LL, Souza, Bartolomeu Israel, Dias, Arildo Souza, Spasojevic, Marko J, Speed, James DM, Spicher, Fabien, Stanisci, Angela, Steinbauer, Klaus, Steinbrecher, Rainer, Steinwandter, Michael, Stemkovski, Michael, Stephan, Jörg G, Stiegler, Christian, Stoll, Stefan, Svátek, Martin, Svoboda, Miroslav, Tagesson, Torbern, Tanentzap, Andrew J, Tanneberger, Franziska, Theurillat, Jean‐Paul, Thomas, Haydn JD, Thomas, Andrew D, Tielbörger, Katja, Tomaselli, Marcello, Treier, Urs Albert, Trouillier, Mario, Turtureanu, Pavel Dan, Tutton, Rosamond, Tyystjärvi, Vilna A, Ueyama, Masahito, Ujházy, Karol, Ujházyová, Mariana, Uogintas, Domas, Urban, Anastasiya V, Urban, Josef, Urbaniak, Marek, Ursu, Tudor‐Mihai, Vaccari, Francesco Primo, Van de Vondel, Stijn, van den Brink, Liesbeth, Van Geel, Maarten, Vandvik, Vigdis, Vangansbeke, Pieter, Varlagin, Andrej, Veen, GF, Veenendaal, Elmar, Venn, Susanna E, Verbeeck, Hans, Verbrugggen, Erik, Verheijen, Frank GA, Villar, Luis, Vitale, Luca, Vittoz, Pascal, Vives‐Ingla, Maria, von Oppen, Jonathan, Walz, Josefine, Wang, Runxi, Wang, Yifeng, Way, Robert G, Wedegärtner, Ronja EM, Weigel, Robert, Wild, Jan, Wilkinson, Matthew, Wilmking, Martin, Wingate, Lisa, Winkler, Manuela, Wipf, Sonja, Wohlfahrt, Georg, Xenakis, Georgios, Yang, Yan, Yu, Zicheng, Yu, Kailiang, Zellweger, Florian, Zhang, Jian, Zhang, Zhaochen, Zhao, Peng, Ziemblińska, Klaudia, Zimmermann, Reiner, Zong, Shengwei, Zyryanov, Viacheslav I, Nijs, Ivan and Lenoir, Jonathan ;

Contact

julia.boike [ at ] awi.de

Abstract

Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (−0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.

Item Type

Article

Authors

Divisions

AWI Organizations > Geosciences > Permafrost Research

Primary Division

Organizations > AWI Organizations > Geosciences

Programs

Helmholtz Research Programs > CHANGING EARTH (2021-2027) > PT5:Dynamics of the Terrestrial Environment and Freshwater Resources under Global and Climate Change > ST5.3: Natural dynamics of the terrestrial Earth surface system

Primary Topic

Helmholtz Programs > Helmholtz Research Programs > CHANGING EARTH (2021-2027) > PT5:Dynamics of the Terrestrial Environment and Freshwater Resources under Global and Climate Change

Publication Status

Published

Eprint ID

59631

DOI 10.1111/gcb.16060

Cite as

Lembrechts, J. J. , van den Hoogen, J. , Aalto, J. , Ashcroft, M. B. , De Frenne, P. , Kemppinen, J. , Kopecký, M. , Luoto, M. , Maclean, I. M. , Crowther, T. W. , Bailey, J. J. , Haesen, S. , Klinges, D. H. , Niittynen, P. , Scheffers, B. R. , Van Meerbeek, K. , Aartsma, P. , Abdalaze, O. , Abedi, M. , Aerts, R. , Ahmadian, N. , Ahrends, A. , Alatalo, J. M. , Alexander, J. M. , Allonsius, C. N. , Altman, J. , Ammann, C. , Andres, C. , Andrews, C. , Ardö, J. , Arriga, N. , Arzac, A. , Aschero, V. , Assis, R. L. , Assmann, J. J. , Bader, M. Y. , Bahalkeh, K. , Barančok, P. , Barrio, I. C. , Barros, A. , Barthel, M. , Basham, E. W. , Bauters, M. , Bazzichetto, M. , Marchesini, L. B. , Bell, M. C. , Benavides, J. C. , Alonso, J. L. B. , Berauer, B. J. , Bjerke, J. W. , Björk, R. G. , Björkman, M. P. , Björnsdóttir, K. , Blonder, B. , Boeckx, P. , Boike, J. , Bokhorst, S. , Brum, B. N. , Brůna, J. , Buchmann, N. , Buysse, P. , Camargo, J. L. , Campoe, O. C. , Candan, O. , Canessa, R. , Cannone, N. , Carbognani, M. , Carnicer, J. , Casanova‐Katny, A. , Cesarz, S. , Chojnicki, B. , Choler, P. , Chown, S. L. , Cifuentes, E. F. , Čiliak, M. , Contador, T. , Convey, P. , Cooper, E. J. , Cremonese, E. , Curasi, S. R. , Curtis, R. , Cutini, M. , Dahlberg, C. J. , Daskalova, G. N. , de Pablo, M. A. , Della Chiesa, S. , Dengler, J. , Deronde, B. , Descombes, P. , Di Cecco, V. , Di Musciano, M. , Dick, J. , Dimarco, R. D. , Dolezal, J. , Dorrepaal, E. , Dušek, J. , Eisenhauer, N. , Eklundh, L. , Erickson, T. E. , Erschbamer, B. , Eugster, W. , Ewers, R. M. , Exton, D. A. , Fanin, N. , Fazlioglu, F. , Feigenwinter, I. , Fenu, G. , Ferlian, O. , Calzado, M. R. F. , Fernández‐Pascual, E. , Finckh, M. , Higgens, R. F. , Forte, T. G. , Freeman, E. C. , Frei, E. R. , Fuentes‐Lillo, E. , García, R. A. , García, M. B. , Géron, C. , Gharun, M. , Ghosn, D. , Gigauri, K. , Gobin, A. , Goded, I. , Goeckede, M. , Gottschall, F. , Goulding, K. , Govaert, S. , Graae, B. J. , Greenwood, S. , Greiser, C. , Grelle, A. , Guénard, B. , Guglielmin, M. , Guillemot, J. , Haase, P. , Haider, S. , Halbritter, A. H. , Hamid, M. , Hammerle, A. , Hampe, A. , Haugum, S. V. , Hederová, L. , Heinesch, B. , Helfter, C. , Hepenstrick, D. , Herberich, M. , Herbst, M. , Hermanutz, L. , Hik, D. S. , Hoffrén, R. , Homeier, J. , Hörtnagl, L. , Høye, T. T. , Hrbacek, F. , Hylander, K. , Iwata, H. , Jackowicz‐Korczynski, M. A. , Jactel, H. , Järveoja, J. , Jastrzębowski, S. , Jentsch, A. , Jiménez, J. J. , Jónsdóttir, I. S. , Jucker, T. , Jump, A. S. , Juszczak, R. , Kanka, R. , Kašpar, V. , Kazakis, G. , Kelly, J. , Khuroo, A. A. , Klemedtsson, L. , Klisz, M. , Kljun, N. , Knohl, A. , Kobler, J. , Kollár, J. , Kotowska, M. M. , Kovács, B. , Kreyling, J. , Lamprecht, A. , Lang, S. I. , Larson, C. , Larson, K. , Laska, K. , le Maire, G. , Leihy, R. I. , Lens, L. , Liljebladh, B. , Lohila, A. , Lorite, J. , Loubet, B. , Lynn, J. , Macek, M. , Mackenzie, R. , Magliulo, E. , Maier, R. , Malfasi, F. , Máliš, F. , Man, M. , Manca, G. , Manco, A. , Manise, T. , Manolaki, P. , Marciniak, F. , Matula, R. , Mazzolari, A. C. , Medinets, S. , Medinets, V. , Meeussen, C. , Merinero, S. , de Cássia Guimarães Mesquita, R. , Meusburger, K. , Meysman, F. J. , Michaletz, S. T. , Milbau, A. , Moiseev, D. , Moiseev, P. , Mondoni, A. , Monfries, R. , Montagnani, L. , Moriana‐Armendariz, M. , di Cella, U. M. , Mörsdorf, M. , Mosedale, J. R. , Muffler, L. , Muñoz‐Rojas, M. , Myers, J. A. , Myers‐Smith, I. H. , Nagy, L. , Nardino, M. , Naujokaitis‐Lewis, I. , Newling, E. , Nicklas, L. , Niedrist, G. , Niessner, A. , Nilsson, M. B. , Normand, S. , Nosetto, M. D. , Nouvellon, Y. , Nuñez, M. A. , Ogaya, R. , Ogée, J. , Okello, J. , Olejnik, J. , Olesen, J. E. , Opedal, Ø. H. , Orsenigo, S. , Palaj, A. , Pampuch, T. , Panov, A. V. , Pärtel, M. , Pastor, A. , Pauchard, A. , Pauli, H. , Pavelka, M. , Pearse, W. D. , Peichl, M. , Pellissier, L. , Penczykowski, R. M. , Penuelas, J. , Bon, M. P. , Petraglia, A. , Phartyal, S. S. , Phoenix, G. K. , Pio, C. , Pitacco, A. , Pitteloud, C. , Plichta, R. , Porro, F. , Portillo‐Estrada, M. , Poulenard, J. , Poyatos, R. , Prokushkin, A. S. , Puchalka, R. , Pușcaș, M. , Radujković, D. , Randall, K. , Backes, A. R. , Remmele, S. , Remmers, W. , Renault, D. , Risch, A. C. , Rixen, C. , Robinson, S. A. , Robroek, B. J. , Rocha, A. V. , Rossi, C. , Rossi, G. , Roupsard, O. , Rubtsov, A. V. , Saccone, P. , Sagot, C. , Bravo, J. S. , Santos, C. C. , Sarneel, J. M. , Scharnweber, T. , Schmeddes, J. , Schmidt, M. , Scholten, T. , Schuchardt, M. , Schwartz, N. , Scott, T. , Seeber, J. , de Andrade, A. C. S. , Seipel, T. , Semenchuk, P. , Senior, R. A. , Serra‐Diaz, J. M. , Sewerniak, P. , Shekhar, A. , Sidenko, N. V. , Siebicke, L. , Collier, L. S. , Simpson, E. , Siqueira, D. P. , Sitková, Z. , Six, J. , Smiljanic, M. , Smith, S. W. , Smith‐Tripp, S. , Somers, B. , Sørensen, M. V. , Souza, J. J. L. , Souza, B. I. , Dias, A. S. , Spasojevic, M. J. , Speed, J. D. , Spicher, F. , Stanisci, A. , Steinbauer, K. , Steinbrecher, R. , Steinwandter, M. , Stemkovski, M. , Stephan, J. G. , Stiegler, C. , Stoll, S. , Svátek, M. , Svoboda, M. , Tagesson, T. , Tanentzap, A. J. , Tanneberger, F. , Theurillat, J. , Thomas, H. J. , Thomas, A. D. , Tielbörger, K. , Tomaselli, M. , Treier, U. A. , Trouillier, M. , Turtureanu, P. D. , Tutton, R. , Tyystjärvi, V. A. , Ueyama, M. , Ujházy, K. , Ujházyová, M. , Uogintas, D. , Urban, A. V. , Urban, J. , Urbaniak, M. , Ursu, T. , Vaccari, F. P. , Van de Vondel, S. , van den Brink, L. , Van Geel, M. , Vandvik, V. , Vangansbeke, P. , Varlagin, A. , Veen, G. , Veenendaal, E. , Venn, S. E. , Verbeeck, H. , Verbrugggen, E. , Verheijen, F. G. , Villar, L. , Vitale, L. , Vittoz, P. , Vives‐Ingla, M. , von Oppen, J. , Walz, J. , Wang, R. , Wang, Y. , Way, R. G. , Wedegärtner, R. E. , Weigel, R. , Wild, J. , Wilkinson, M. , Wilmking, M. , Wingate, L. , Winkler, M. , Wipf, S. , Wohlfahrt, G. , Xenakis, G. , Yang, Y. , Yu, Z. , Yu, K. , Zellweger, F. , Zhang, J. , Zhang, Z. , Zhao, P. , Ziemblińska, K. , Zimmermann, R. , Zong, S. , Zyryanov, V. I. , Nijs, I. and Lenoir, J. (2022): Global maps of soil temperature , Global Change Biology, 28 (9), pp. 3110-3144 . doi: 10.1111/gcb.16060

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