publisher:10.1038/s41559-025-02955-6

The global extent of the grassland biome and implications for the terrestrial carbon sink


MacDougall, AS, Vanzant, B, Sulik, J, Bagchi, S, Naidu, D, Muraina, TO, Seabloom, EW, Borer, ET, Wilfahrt, P, Slette, I, Hierro, JL, Pearson, DE, Abedi, M, Akasaka, M, Alberti, J, Aleksanyan, A, Amisu, AA, Anderson, TM, Arnillas, CA, Ayer, M, Bakker, JD, Basant, S, Basto, S, Biederman, L, Bloodworth, KJ, Boscutti, F, Boughton, EH, Bruschetti, CM, Buckley, HL, Buckley, YM, Bugalho, MN, Caldeira, MC, Campetella, G, Cannone, N, Carbognani, M, Carbutt, C, Carniello, MA, Cervellini, M, Chaudhary, T, Chen, Q, Clark, AT, Cousins, S, Dalle Fratte, M, Day, NJ, Deák, B, Dietrich, J, Dixon, A, Eisenhauer, N, Elgersma, KJ, Eren, O, Eskelinen, A, Estrada, C, Fay, PA, Fayvush, G, Flynn, KC, García Meza, D, Gargano, D, Gherardi, L, Girkin, NT, González, L, Graff, P, Hagenberg, LWC, Halbritter, AH, Havrilchak, NA, Herdoiza, N, Hersch-Green, E, Hopping, K, Jentsch, A, Jimoh, SO, Kerby, J, Kirkman, K, Knops, JMH, Koerner, SE, Koltz, A, Komatsu, KJ, Koura, BI, Kruse, S, Laanisto, L, Lannes, LS, Li, W, Liang, M, Lkhagva, A, López-Olmedo, L, Lorenzo, P, Lortie, CJ, Loydi, A, Luo, W, Macek, P, Malfasi, F, Mariotte, P, Martina, JP, Martínez-Blancas, A, Martinson, H, Martorell, C, Meave, JA, Medina-Villar, S, Mganga, KZ, Monsimet, J, Nerlekar, AN, Niu, S, Ohlert, T, Oliveras Menor, I, Oñatibia, GR, Ortega, YK, Osborne, B, Palpurina, S, Pascual, J, Pennings, SC, Pérez-García, E, Peri, PL, Petit Bon, M, Petraglia, A, Pijcke, F, Prober, SM, Quiroga, RE, Ramirez, JI, Reed, S, Rosado, BHP, Roscher, C, Rowley, DW, Sereda, I, Small, DM, Smith, NG, Song, Y, Stevens, C, Suarez Jimenez, LE, te Beest, M, Tedder, M, Terry, RS, Thornton, KS, Tian, D, Titcomb, G, Valkó, O, ‘Ciska’ Veen, GF, Virtanen, R, Welti, EAR, Wheeler, GR, Wolf, AA, Wolff, P, Young, AL, Young, HS, Zeglin, LH, Zhu, K, Zong, S and Siewert, MB ;
Contact
amacdo02 [ at ] uoguelph.ca

Abstract

Land cover data are commonly used to model the terrestrial carbon (C) sink, yet these data have wide margins of error that significantly alter estimates of global C storage. Here we demonstrate this data vulnerability in grasslands, which are critical to C cycling but whose estimated distribution has varied by >50 million km2 (3.5–42% of the Earth’s terrestrial surface). Comparing multiple high-resolution land cover products with expertly annotated grassland data from six continents, we show sources of mapping error and discuss C implications based on 2023 United Nations (UN) FAO estimates. Past misidentification arose from inconsistent definitions on grassland identity and classification flaws especially relating to woody plant cover. Correcting these errors adjusted grassland coverage to 22.8% of the terrestrial land base (30.1 million km2), elevating UN projections of soil C stocks to 155.02 Pg (0–30 cm depth). These findings underscore the challenges of biome mapping for ecosystem accounting and policy, when lacking field-validated remotely sensed data.



Item Type
Article
Authors
MacDougall, AS, Vanzant, B, Sulik, J, Bagchi, S, Naidu, D, Muraina, TO, Seabloom, EW, Borer, ET, Wilfahrt, P, Slette, I, Hierro, JL, Pearson, DE, Abedi, M, Akasaka, M, Alberti, J, Aleksanyan, A, Amisu, AA, Anderson, TM, Arnillas, CA, Ayer, M, Bakker, JD, Basant, S, Basto, S, Biederman, L, Bloodworth, KJ, Boscutti, F, Boughton, EH, Bruschetti, CM, Buckley, HL, Buckley, YM, Bugalho, MN, Caldeira, MC, Campetella, G, Cannone, N, Carbognani, M, Carbutt, C, Carniello, MA, Cervellini, M, Chaudhary, T, Chen, Q, Clark, AT, Cousins, S, Dalle Fratte, M, Day, NJ, Deák, B, Dietrich, J, Dixon, A, Eisenhauer, N, Elgersma, KJ, Eren, O, Eskelinen, A, Estrada, C, Fay, PA, Fayvush, G, Flynn, KC, García Meza, D, Gargano, D, Gherardi, L, Girkin, NT, González, L, Graff, P, Hagenberg, LWC, Halbritter, AH, Havrilchak, NA, Herdoiza, N, Hersch-Green, E, Hopping, K, Jentsch, A, Jimoh, SO, Kerby, J, Kirkman, K, Knops, JMH, Koerner, SE, Koltz, A, Komatsu, KJ, Koura, BI, Kruse, S, Laanisto, L, Lannes, LS, Li, W, Liang, M, Lkhagva, A, López-Olmedo, L, Lorenzo, P, Lortie, CJ, Loydi, A, Luo, W, Macek, P, Malfasi, F, Mariotte, P, Martina, JP, Martínez-Blancas, A, Martinson, H, Martorell, C, Meave, JA, Medina-Villar, S, Mganga, KZ, Monsimet, J, Nerlekar, AN, Niu, S, Ohlert, T, Oliveras Menor, I, Oñatibia, GR, Ortega, YK, Osborne, B, Palpurina, S, Pascual, J, Pennings, SC, Pérez-García, E, Peri, PL, Petit Bon, M, Petraglia, A, Pijcke, F, Prober, SM, Quiroga, RE, Ramirez, JI, Reed, S, Rosado, BHP, Roscher, C, Rowley, DW, Sereda, I, Small, DM, Smith, NG, Song, Y, Stevens, C, Suarez Jimenez, LE, te Beest, M, Tedder, M, Terry, RS, Thornton, KS, Tian, D, Titcomb, G, Valkó, O, ‘Ciska’ Veen, GF, Virtanen, R, Welti, EAR, Wheeler, GR, Wolf, AA, Wolff, P, Young, AL, Young, HS, Zeglin, LH, Zhu, K, Zong, S and Siewert, MB ;
Divisions
AWI Organizations > Geosciences > Terrestrial Environmental Systems
Primary Division
Organizations > AWI Organizations > Geosciences
Programs
Helmholtz Research Programs > CHANGING EARTH (2021-2027) > PT5:Dynamics of the Terrestrial Environment and Freshwater Resources under Global and Climate Change > ST5.3: Natural dynamics of the terrestrial Earth surface system
Primary Topic
Helmholtz Programs > Helmholtz Research Programs > CHANGING EARTH (2021-2027) > PT5:Dynamics of the Terrestrial Environment and Freshwater Resources under Global and Climate Change
Publication Status
Published
Eprint ID
60711
DOI 10.1038/s41559-025-02955-6

Cite as
MacDougall, A. , Vanzant, B. , Sulik, J. , Bagchi, S. , Naidu, D. , Muraina, T. , Seabloom, E. , Borer, E. , Wilfahrt, P. , Slette, I. , Hierro, J. , Pearson, D. , Abedi, M. , Akasaka, M. , Alberti, J. , Aleksanyan, A. , Amisu, A. , Anderson, T. , Arnillas, C. , Ayer, M. , Bakker, J. , Basant, S. , Basto, S. , Biederman, L. , Bloodworth, K. , Boscutti, F. , Boughton, E. , Bruschetti, C. , Buckley, H. , Buckley, Y. , Bugalho, M. , Caldeira, M. , Campetella, G. , Cannone, N. , Carbognani, M. , Carbutt, C. , Carniello, M. , Cervellini, M. , Chaudhary, T. , Chen, Q. , Clark, A. , Cousins, S. , Dalle Fratte, M. , Day, N. , Deák, B. , Dietrich, J. , Dixon, A. , Eisenhauer, N. , Elgersma, K. , Eren, O. , Eskelinen, A. , Estrada, C. , Fay, P. , Fayvush, G. , Flynn, K. , García Meza, D. , Gargano, D. , Gherardi, L. , Girkin, N. , González, L. , Graff, P. , Hagenberg, L. , Halbritter, A. , Havrilchak, N. , Herdoiza, N. , Hersch-Green, E. , Hopping, K. , Jentsch, A. , Jimoh, S. , Kerby, J. , Kirkman, K. , Knops, J. , Koerner, S. , Koltz, A. , Komatsu, K. , Koura, B. , Kruse, S. , Laanisto, L. , Lannes, L. , Li, W. , Liang, M. , Lkhagva, A. , López-Olmedo, L. , Lorenzo, P. , Lortie, C. , Loydi, A. , Luo, W. , Macek, P. , Malfasi, F. , Mariotte, P. , Martina, J. , Martínez-Blancas, A. , Martinson, H. , Martorell, C. , Meave, J. , Medina-Villar, S. , Mganga, K. , Monsimet, J. , Nerlekar, A. , Niu, S. , Ohlert, T. , Oliveras Menor, I. , Oñatibia, G. , Ortega, Y. , Osborne, B. , Palpurina, S. , Pascual, J. , Pennings, S. , Pérez-García, E. , Peri, P. , Petit Bon, M. , Petraglia, A. , Pijcke, F. , Prober, S. , Quiroga, R. , Ramirez, J. , Reed, S. , Rosado, B. , Roscher, C. , Rowley, D. , Sereda, I. , Small, D. , Smith, N. , Song, Y. , Stevens, C. , Suarez Jimenez, L. , te Beest, M. , Tedder, M. , Terry, R. , Thornton, K. , Tian, D. , Titcomb, G. , Valkó, O. , ‘Ciska’ Veen, G. , Virtanen, R. , Welti, E. , Wheeler, G. , Wolf, A. , Wolff, P. , Young, A. , Young, H. , Zeglin, L. , Zhu, K. , Zong, S. and Siewert, M. (2026): The global extent of the grassland biome and implications for the terrestrial carbon sink , Nature Ecology & Evolution, 10 (2), pp. 246-257 . doi: 10.1038/s41559-025-02955-6


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