The Batagay mega thaw slump, Yana Uplands, Yakutia, Russia: permafrost thaw dynamics on decadal time scale


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Frank.Guenther [ at ] awi.de

Abstract

Ice-rich permafrost that formed in glacial periods of the Quaternary is highly vulnerable to thaw under ongoing climate change and anthropogenic disturbance. Permafrost degradation processes such as thermokarst, thermo-denudation and thermo-erosion are actively shaping modern periglacial landscapes. Retrogressive thaw slumps – also referred to as thermo-cirques – represent a highly dynamic geomorphologic feature in ice-rich permafrost regions. These rapidly forming landforms consist of a steep headwall surrounding a gently inclined slump floor where sediment erosion and accumulation takes place simulatenously and develop as a result of rapid permafrost thaw over several decades. Thaw slumps are commonly found in permafrost areas with near-surface, thick ground-ice layers that are susceptible to thermo-denudation and subsequent mass displacement through cryogenic landslides (Leibman et al., 2008). Thaw slumps are particularly frequent along riverbanks and coastlines in the Northwest American and West Siberian Arctic, where they are typically initiated by lateral erosion of the bluff toe. In these regions, buried glacier ice (massive ground ice) bodies or ice-rich glacial till have been mapped. Given their exceptional size of up to 40 ha in area and 25 m high headwalls, so-called mega slumps in northwestern Canada represent primary terrain destabilization features with different environmental settings than surrounding areas (Lantuit et al., 2012), but are a significant source for sediment and solute delivery to adjacent lakes and streams (Kokelj et al., 2013). However, in East Siberia, retrogressive thaw slumps have been described in the syngenetic Late Pleistocene Ice Complex (Yedoma) permafrost deposits, where massive ice wedges and segregated intrasedimentary ice results in total volumetric ice contents of up to 80-90%. Such retrogressive thaw slumps in syngenetic permafrost were investigated for example on the coastal area of the Dmitry Laptev Strait (Are et al., 2005). However, Yedoma deposits are also found on slopes of the Verkhoyan Mountain Range (Slagoda, 1991) and in valleys of surrounding foothills (Grosse et al., 2007) beyond the Yedoma main distributional range in the coastal lowlands of the Laptev and East Siberian seas. The Batagay mega slump is at least two times larger than any previously described thaw slump, has been discovered near the village of Batagay, and has been the subject of some recent cryostratigraphical analysis (Kunitsky et al 2013). It exposes a profile of Yedoma deposits, reaching a thickness of 7 to 22 m in that area (Slagoda, 1991) and underlying ice-rich periglacial alluvial sand deposits of around 60 m thickness (Kunitsky et al., 2013). The observed rapid development of thermo-denudation at rates of up to 15 m per year, poses the question of whether the larger portions of the entire region between the Verkhoyan and Cherskiy mountain ranges may be more vulnerable to deep and rapid thaw following disturbances such as forest fires or forest clearance. Using a set of historical remote sensing data, Kunitsky et al. (2013) suggest that depression-like structures on the Kirgillyakh-Khatyngnakhskoy Mountain saddle begin in the early 1970s. The initial disturbance causing rapid thermo-denudational development of the Batagay mega thaw slump started at the end of the 1980s. Here we present data from a remote sensing investigation of the mega slump (. in order to assess the planimetric dimensions and its recent expansion rates. We acquired very high resolution satellite imagery from QuickBird, IKONOS, KOMPSAT-2, WorldView-1 and WorldView-2, spanning a timeframe from 2006 to 2014. Aerotriangulation of the entire dataset was performed to ensure consistent co-registration between images. In addition, for terrain correction through ortho-rectification and for volumetric analyses of the entire mega slump, we derived an accurate digital elevation model (DEM) with 2m ground resolution from along and across track WorldView stereo imagery. The height difference between the headwall and the outflow of the slump into the Batagay river is 145 m along a distance of 2300m, while the slump maximum width is 800 m. Our analysis doesn’t show any signs of erosion slowdown along a headwall that is up to 86 m high. Comparison of the DEM with a reconstructed paleo-surface revealed that the slump has carved into the rolling topography to a depth of up to 73 m. The current size of the Batagay mega slump is >81 ha, while it had thawed >24.2 × 106 m³ of ice-rich permafrost through 2014. This huge amount of sediment released from the slump episodically dams up the Batagay river, forming a large temporary lake which then may discharge catastrophically. Geological on-site investigations and further geomorphometric analyses of this locality in conjunction with inter-annual and seasonal change detection observations will allow relating headwall retreat rates to local and regional controls on mega slump development and will help to identify potential areas susceptible to megaslump formation in non-glaciated regions. References Are, F.E., M.N. Grigoriev, H.-W. Hubberten, & V. Rachold (2005), Using thermoterrace dimensions to calculate the coastal erosion rate, Geo-Marine Letters, 25, 121-126. Grosse, G., L. Schirrmeister, C. Siegert, V.V. Kunitsky, E.A. Slagoda, A.A. Andreev & A.Y. Dereviagyn (2007), Geological and geomorphological evolution of a sedimentary periglacial landscape in Northeast Siberia during the Late Quaternary, Geomorphology, 89(1-2), 25-51. Kokelj, S.V., D. Lacelle, T.C. Lantz, J. Tunnicliffe, L. Malone, I.D. Clark & K.S. Chin (2013), Thawing of massive ground ice in mega slumps drives increases in stream sediment and solute flux across a range of watershed scales, Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 118, 681-692. Kunitsky, V.V., I.I. Syromyatnikov, L. Schirrmeister, Yu.B. Skachkov, G. Grosse, S. Wetterich, & M.N. Grigoriev (2013), Ice-rich permafrost and thermal denudation in the Batagay area - Yana Upland, East Siberia, Kriosfera Zemli (Earth' Cryosphere), 17(1), 56-68. Lantuit, H., W.H. Pollard, N. Couture, M. Fritz, L. Schirrmeister, H. Meyer & H.-W. Hubberten (2012), Modern and Late Holocene Retrogressive Thaw Slump Activity on the Yukon Coastal Plain and Herschel Island, Yukon Territory, Canada, Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 23(1), 39-51. Leibman, M., A. Gubarkov, A. Khomutov, A. Kizyakov & B. Vanshtein (2008), Coastal processes at the tabular-ground-ice-bearing area, Yugorsky Peninsula, Russia, in: Kane, D.L. and Hinkel, K.M. (eds), Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Permafrost, University of Alaska Fairbanks, June 29-July 3 2008, 1037-1042. Slagoda, E. A. (1991), Microstructure of permafrost slope deposits of the Kisilyakh Range, in: Melnikov, P.I. and Popov, A.I. (eds), Denudation in the cryolithozone, 19-29, Nauka, Moscow.



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PAST Gateways - Palaeo-Arctic Spatial and Temporal Gateways - Third International Conference and Workshop, 18 May 2015 - 22 May 2015, Potsdam, Germany.
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38008
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Günther, F. , Grosse, G. , Wetterich, S. , Jones, B. M. , Kunitsky, V. V. , Kienast, F. and Schirrmeister, L. (2015): The Batagay mega thaw slump, Yana Uplands, Yakutia, Russia: permafrost thaw dynamics on decadal time scale , PAST Gateways - Palaeo-Arctic Spatial and Temporal Gateways - Third International Conference and Workshop, Potsdam, Germany, 18 May 2015 - 22 May 2015 .


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