Chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) is a ubiquitous component in marine environments, and substantial changes in its sources and distribution, related to the carbon cycle in the Arctic Ocean, are expected due to Arctic warming. In this study, we present unique CDOM data in the Eurasian Arctic Ocean derived from the year-round MOSAiC expedition. We used CDOM absorbance spectra and fluorescence excitation-emission matrices in combination with parallel factor analysis to characterize differences in DOM sources and composition. Our results suggested that terrestrial DOM was less sensitive to seasonal changes but controlled by regionality in hydrography. Elevated dissolved organic carbon (DOC) levels in polar surface water were primarily derived from terrigenous sources as identified by CDOM absorption and fluorescence characteristics. In the Amundsen Basin and western Fram Strait surface waters, to which terrestrial DOM is primarily transported by the Transpolar Drift, we found, on average, a 188% larger meteoric water fraction and a 40% higher DOC concentration compared to the Atlantic water that dominated western Nansen Basin and Yermak Plateau. In the Amundsen Basin, the DOC concentration in summer of surface water was only 13% higher compared to winter season. Additionally, autochthonous DOM and chlorophyll-a concentrations were relatively low in surface water and exhibited significant differences compared to those observed in summer, while there were significant differences between autochthonous DOM and chlorophyll-a. We also observed that sea ice melt contributed to autochthonous DOM in summer, while storms in winter affected the vertical distribution of terrestrial and autochthonous DOM in the subsurface.